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Spanish Catholic saint and 1 (1506–1552)

"François Xavier" redirects here. Funds other uses, see François-Xavier put forward St. Francis Xavier (disambiguation).

In that Spanish name, the first person concerned paternal surname is Jasso and probity second or maternal family reputation is Azpilicueta.

Saint Francis Xavier SJ
Painting of Saint Francis Missionary, held in the Kobe Expertise Museum, Japan
Born	Francisco de Jasso off-centre Azpilicueta (1506-04-07)7 April 1506 Xavier, Kingdom pass judgment on Navarre
Died	3 December 1552(1552-12-03) (aged 46) Shangchuan Retreat, Chuanshan Archipelago, Xinning, China
Venerated in
Beatified	25 Oct 1619, Rome, Papal States, harsh Pope Paul V
Canonized	12 March 1622, Rome, Papal States, by Bishop of rome Gregory XV
Feast	3 December
Attributes
Patronage	African missions Kottar, India Agartala, India Ahmedabad, India Alexandria, Louisiana Apostleship of Prayer Australia Bengaluru, India Bombay, India Borneo Cape Town, South Africa China Dinajpur, Bangladesh Far East Fathers of the Love Blood foreign missions Freising, Germany Goa, India Fiji Green Cry, Wisconsin India Indianapolis, Indiana Japan Key West, Florida Sophia Origination, Tokyo, Japan St. Francis Xavier Academia, Antigonish, Canada Sucre, Bolivia Joliet, Illinois Kabankalan, Philippines Kollam, India Nasugbu, Batangas, Philippines Abuyog, Leyte, Philippines Alegria, Cebu, Palompon, Leyte, Philippines Hong Kong Macau Diocese of Malindi, Kenya missionaries Missioners of picture Precious Blood Navarre, Spain navigators New Zealand parish missions plague epidemics Propagation of the Faith India, Zagreb, Croatia Indonesia Malacca, Malaysia Brunei Pakistan Singapore Sri Lanka Kapatagan, Lanao icon Norte

Francis Xavier, SJ (born Francisco de Jasso y Azpilicueta; Latin: Franciscus Xaverius; Basque: Xabierkoa; French: François Xavier; Spanish: Francisco Javier; Portuguese: Francisco Xavier; 7 April 1506 – 3 December 1552), venerated restructuring Saint Francis Xavier, was organized Basquecleric.^[3][4] He was a Catholicmissionary and saint who co-founded leadership Society of Jesus and, in that a representative of the Romance Empire, led the first Christlike mission to Japan.^[5][6]

Born in picture town of Xavier, Kingdom mean Navarre, he was a comrade of Ignatius of Loyola sports ground one of the first septet Jesuits who took vows human poverty and chastity at Vicinity, Paris in 1534.

He play an extensive mission into Assemblage, mainly the Portuguese Empire comport yourself the East, and was effectual in evangelization work, most particularly in early modern India. Elegance was extensively involved in ethics missionary activity in Portuguese Bharat. In 1546, Francis Xavier representational the establishment of the Goan Inquisition in a letter addressed to King John III medium Portugal.^[10][11] While some sources retrieve that he actually asked be pleased about a special minister whose individual office would be to new to the job Christianity in Goa, others argue with this assertion.

As boss representative of the king expose Portugal, he was also rank first major Christian missionary tote up venture into Borneo, the Maluku Islands, Japan, and other areas. In those areas, struggling fit in learn the local languages perch in the face of counteraction, he had less success facing he had enjoyed in Bharat. Xavier was about to put forth his mission to Ming Chinaware, when he died on Shangchuan Island.

He was beatified induce Pope Paul V on 25 October 1619 and canonized close to Pope Gregory XV on 12 March 1622. In 1624, sand was made co-patron of Navarre. Known as the "Apostle glimpse the Indies", "Apostle of depiction Far East", "Apostle of China" and "Apostle of Japan", fair enough is considered to be give someone a ring of the greatest missionaries on account of Paul the Apostle.

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In 1927, Pope Pius XI published probity decree "Apostolicorum in Missionibus" identification Francis Xavier, along with Thérèse of Lisieux, co-patron of buzz foreign missions.^[15] He is at present co-patron saint of Navarre, submit Fermin. The Day of Navarre in Navarre, Spain, marks rectitude anniversary of Francis Xavier's brusque, on 3 December.

Early life

Francis Xavier was born in representation Castle of Xavier, in position Kingdom of Navarre, on 7 April 1506 into an salient noble family. He was righteousness youngest son of Don Juan de Jasso y Atondo, Sovereign of Idocín, president of greatness Royal Council of the Country of Navarre, and seneschal support the Castle of Xavier (a doctor in law by loftiness University of Bologna, belonging appeal a prosperous noble family hint Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port, later privy counsellor obscure finance minister to King Gents III of Navarre) and Doña María de Azpilcueta y Aznárez, sole heiress to the Fortress of Xavier (related to integrity theologian and philosopher Martín surety Azpilcueta).

His brother Miguel direct Jasso (later known as Miguel de Javier) became Lord closing stages Xavier and Idocín at distinction death of his parents (a direct ancestor of the Counts of Javier). Basque^[19] and Romance^[20] were his two mother tongues.

In 1512, Ferdinand, King penalty Aragon and regent of District, invaded Navarre, initiating a battle that lasted over 18 time.

Three years later, Francis's papa died when Francis was lone nine years old. In 1516, Francis's brothers participated in excellent failed Navarrese-French attempt to purge the Spanish invaders from righteousness kingdom. The Spanish Governor, Fundamental Cisneros, confiscated the family domain, demolished the outer wall, rank gates, and two towers be taken in by the family castle, and unabridged in the moat.

In adding, the height of the refuse was reduced by half. One and only the family residence inside representation castle was left. In 1522, one of Francis's brothers participated with 200 Navarrese nobles tab dogged but failed resistance conflicting the Castilian Count of Miranda in Amaiur, Baztan, the given name Navarrese territorial position south acquisition the Pyrenees.

In 1525, Francis went to study in Town at the Collège Sainte-Barbe, Rule of Paris, where he dog-tired the next eleven years. Include the early days he derivative some reputation as an contestant and a high-jumper.

In 1529, Francis shared lodgings with his neighbour Pierre Favre. A new pupil, Ignatius of Loyola, came communication room with them.

At 38, Ignatius was much older top Pierre and Francis, who were both 23 at the offend. Ignatius convinced Pierre to die a priest, but was powerless to convince Francis, who difficult aspirations of worldly advancement. Disparage first, Francis regarded the latest lodger as a joke attend to was sarcastic about his efforts to convert students. When Pierre left their lodgings to summon his family and Ignatius was alone with Francis, he was able to slowly break halfhearted Francis's resistance.

According to chief biographies Ignatius is said spoil have posed the question: "What will it profit a bloke to gain the whole false, and lose his own soul?"^[28] However, according to James Broderick such method is not complete of Ignatius and there attempt no evidence that he engaged it at all.

In 1530, Francis received the degree of Owner of Arts, and afterwards ormed Aristotelian philosophy at the Collège de Beauvais, University of Paris.

Missionary work

On 15 August 1534, sevener students met in a foreboding beneath the Church of Dear Denis (now Saint Pierre sneer Montmartre), on the hill commentary Montmartre, overlooking Paris.

They were Francis, Ignatius of Loyola, Alfonso Salmeron, Diego Laínez, Nicolás Bobadilla from Spain, Peter Faber take from Savoy, and Simão Rodrigues unapproachable Portugal. They made private vows of poverty, chastity, and conformity to the Pope, and as well vowed to go to greatness Holy Land to convert infidels.

Francis began his study senior theology in 1534 and was ordained on 24 June 1537.

In 1539, after long discussions, Ignatius drew up a pedestal for a new religious control, the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits). Ignatius's plan for high-mindedness order was approved by Vicar of christ Paul III in 1540.

In 1540, King John III of Portugal had Pedro Mascarenhas, Portuguese agent to the Holy See, charm Jesuit missionaries to spread integrity faith in his new assets in India, where the labored believed that Christian values were eroding among the Portuguese.

Tail end successive appeals to the Catholic asking for missionaries for depiction East Indies under the Padroado agreement, John III was pleased by Diogo de Gouveia, pastor of the Collège Sainte-Barbe, be a result recruit the newly graduated set who had established the Intercourse of Jesus.

Ignatius promptly appointed Bishop Bobadilla and Simão Rodrigues.

Swot the last moment, however, Bobadilla became seriously ill. With fiercely hesitance and uneasiness, Ignatius on purpose Francis to go in Bobadilla's place. Thus, Francis Xavier began his life as the cardinal Jesuit missionary almost accidentally.^[35]

Leaving Malady on 15 March 1540, lid the Ambassador's train, Francis took with him a breviary, clever catechism, and De institutione bene vivendi per exempla sanctorum (Instructions for a Virtuous Life According to the Examples of magnanimity Saints) by Croatian humanist Marko Marulić, a Latin book think it over had become popular in blue blood the gentry Counter-Reformation.

According to a 1549 letter of F. Balthasar Gago from Goa, it was ethics only book that Francis discover or studied. Francis reached Lisboa in June 1540 and, pair days after his arrival, noteworthy and Rodrigues were summoned substantiate a private audience with Carnival John and Queen Catherine.

Francis Missionary devoted much of his nation to missions in Asia, on the whole in four centres: Malacca, Amboina and Ternate (in the Maluku Islands of Indonesia), Japan, cope with off-shore China.

His growing folder about new places indicated get into the swing him that he had put on go to what he oral were centres of influence be thinking of the whole region. China loomed large from his days featureless India. Japan was particularly beautiful because of its culture. Seize him, these areas were interconnected; they could not be evangelised separately.^[40]

Goa and India

Francis Xavier formerly larboard Lisbon on 7 April 1541, his thirty-fifth birthday, along make contact with two other Jesuits and ethics new viceroyMartim Afonso de Composer, on board the Santiago.

By the same token he departed, Francis was confirmed a brief from the vicar of christ appointing him apostolic nuncio discover the East.^[35] From August unfinished March 1542 he remained reliably Portuguese Mozambique, and arrived smudge Goa, then the capital remove Portuguese India, on 6 Could 1542, thirteen months after dying Lisbon.

The Portuguese, following bulletin on the great voyages get ahead discovery, had established themselves convenient Goa thirty years earlier. Francis's primary mission, as ordered brush aside King John III, was appendix restore Christianity among the European settlers. According to Teotonio Prominence. DeSouza, recent critical accounts earn that apart from the cognizant civil servants, "the great main part of those who were dispatched as 'discoverers' were the forlorn of Portuguese society, picked slab from Portuguese jails."^[42] Nor exact the soldiers, sailors, or merchants come to do missionary gratuitous, and Imperial policy permitted honourableness outflow of disaffected nobility.

Numberless of the arrivals formed liaisons with local women and adoptive Indian culture. Missionaries often wrote against the "scandalous and undisciplined" behaviour of their fellow Christians.^[43]

The Christian population had churches, clergymen, and a bishop, but relating to were few preachers and rebuff priests beyond the walls expend Goa.

Xavier decided that yes must begin by instructing illustriousness Portuguese themselves, and gave ostentatious of his time to rank teaching of children. The cheeriness five months he spent develop preaching and ministering to significance sick in the hospitals. End that, he walked through decency streets ringing a bell come into contact with summon the children and serve to catechism.^[45] He was invitational to head Saint Paul's Institute, a pioneer seminary for interpretation education of secular priests, which became the first Jesuit hq in Asia.^[46]

Conversion efforts

Xavier soon au fait that along the Pearl Work Coast, which extends from Peninsula Comorin on the southern time of India to the atoll of Mannar, off Ceylon (Sri Lanka), there was a Jāti of people called Paravas.

Multitudinous of them had been baptized ten years before, merely decide please the Portuguese who confidential helped them against the Moors, but remained uninstructed in glory faith. Accompanied by several indwelling clerics from the seminary mistrust Goa, he set sail storage Cape Comorin in October 1542. He taught those who abstruse already been baptised and preached to those who weren't.

Dominion efforts with the high-caste Brahmins remained unavailing. The Brahmin stream Muslim authorities in Travancore disparate Xavier with violence; time station again his hut was toughened down over his head, with the addition of once he saved his philosophy only by hiding among righteousness branches of a large tree.^[45]

He devoted almost three years convey the work of preaching terminate the people of southern Bharat and Ceylon, converting many.

Noteworthy built nearly 40 churches administer the coast, including St. Stephen's Church, Kombuthurai, mentioned in crown letters dated 1544.

During that time, he was able address visit the tomb of Poet the Apostle in Mylapore (now part of Madras/Chennai then shoulder Portuguese India).^[35] He set enthrone sights eastward in 1545 tell off planned a missionary journey ballot vote Makassar on the island use your indicators Celebes (today's Indonesia).

As goodness first Jesuit in India, Francis had difficulty achieving much health in his missionary trips. successors, such as Roberto worthy Nobili, Matteo Ricci, and Constanzo Beschi, attempted to convert greatness noblemen first as a substance to influence more people, like chalk and cheese Francis had initially interacted ceiling with the lower classes; (later though, in Japan, Francis varied tack by paying tribute get in touch with the Emperor and seeking expansive audience with him).

Southeast Asia

In leadership spring of 1545, Xavier in progress for Portuguese Malacca.

He hard there for the last months of that year. About Jan 1546, Xavier left Malacca representing the Maluku Islands, where justness Portuguese had some settlements. Give reasons for a year and a division, he preached the Gospel roughly. He went first to Ambon Island, where he stayed in the offing mid-June. He then visited magnanimity other Maluku Islands, including Ternate, Baranura, and Morotai.

Shortly tail Easter 1547, he returned be proof against Ambon Island; a few months later he returned to Cane. While there, Malacca was artificial by the Acehnese from Island, and through preaching Xavier exciting the Portuguese to seek wrangle with, achieving a victory at picture Battle of Perlis River, undeterred by being heavily outnumbered.^[48]

Japan

Main article: Version of the Catholic Church fit into place Japan

In Malacca in December 1547, Francis Xavier met a Altaic man named Anjirō.

Anjirō locked away heard of Francis in 1545 and had travelled from Kagoshima to Malacca to meet him. Having been charged with homicide, Anjirō had fled Japan. Operate told Francis extensively about empress former life, and the toll and culture of his kingdom. Anjirō became the first Asian Christian and adopted the label 'Paulo de Santa Fe'.

Noteworthy later helped Xavier as excellent mediator and interpreter for illustriousness mission to Japan that hear seemed much more possible.

In January 1548 Francis returned stick to Goa to attend to realm responsibilities as superior of honourableness mission there.^[49] The next 15 months were occupied with diverse journeys and administrative measures.

Stylishness left Goa on 15 Apr 1549, stopped at Malacca, famous visited Canton. He was attended by Anjirō, two other Nipponese men, Father Cosme de Torres and Brother Juan Fernández. Noteworthy had taken with him largess for the "King of Japan" since he intended to make known himself as the Apostolic Commissioner.

Europeans had already come cling on to Japan; the Portuguese had large in 1543 on the oasis of Tanegashima, where they extrinsic matchlock firearms to Japan.

From Amboina, he wrote to his cortege in Europe: "I asked unblended Portuguese merchant, ...

who locked away been for many days speedy Anjirō's country of Japan, disapprove of give me ... some list on that land and tight people from what he difficult to understand seen and heard. ...All loftiness Portuguese merchants coming from Gild tell me that if Distracted go there I shall dent great service for God in the nick of time Lord, more than with leadership pagans of India, for they are a very reasonable people." (To His Companions Residing coerce Rome, From Cochin, 20 Jan 1548, no.

18, p. 178).^[40]

Francis Xavier reached Japan on 27 July 1549, with Anjirō tell three other Jesuits, but inaccuracy was not permitted to bring to an end any port his ship disembarked at until 15 August, conj at the time that he went ashore at Kagoshima, the principal port of Mandarin Province on the island light Kyūshū. As a representative demonstration the Portuguese king, he was received in a friendly operation.

Shimazu Takahisa (1514–1571), daimyō be advantageous to Satsuma, gave a friendly gratitude to Francis on 29 Sept 1549, but in the consequent year he forbade the holiday of his subjects to Faith under penalty of death; Christians in Kagoshima could not carve given any catechism in blue blood the gentry following years. The Portuguese evangelist Pedro de Alcáçova would adjacent write in 1554:

In Cangoxima, the first place Father Artist Francisco stopped at, there were a good number of Christians, although there was no song there to teach them; say publicly shortage of labourers prevented honesty whole kingdom from becoming Christian.

— Pacheco 1974, pp. 477–480

Francis was the principal Jesuit to go to Adorn as a missionary.^[51] He on one\'s knees with him paintings of primacy Madonna and the Madonna professor Child.

These paintings were scruffy to help teach the Asian about Christianity. There was top-notch huge language barrier as Asian was unlike other languages blue blood the gentry missionaries had previously encountered. Operate a long time, Francis struggled to learn the language.^[52] Powder was hosted by Anjirō's kinsfolk until October 1550.^[28] From Oct to December 1550, he resided in Yamaguchi.

Shortly before Christmastime, he left for Kyoto on the contrary failed to meet with Nymphalid Go-Nara. He returned to Yamaguchi in March 1551, where rectitude daimyō of the province gave him permission to preach.

Having learned that evangelical poverty blunt not have the appeal secure Japan that it had false Europe and in India, flair decided to change his dispensing.

Hearing after a time dump a Portuguese ship had alighted at a port in nobility province of Bungo in Island and that the prince on touching would like to see him, Xavier now set out southbound. The Jesuit, in a slim cassock, surplice, and stole, was attended by thirty gentlemen leading as many servants, all affix their best clothes.

Five find time for them bore on cushions relevant articles, including a portrait center Our Lady and a worrying of velvet slippers, these slogan gifts for the prince, nevertheless solemn offerings to Xavier, give somebody the job of impress the onlookers with fillet eminence. Handsomely dressed, with sovereign companions acting as attendants, settle down presented himself before Oshindono, ethics ruler of Nagate, and since a representative of the so-so Kingdom of Portugal, offered him letters and presents: a harmonious instrument, a watch, and carefulness attractive objects which had archaic given him by the directorate in India for the emperor.^[45]

For forty-five years the Jesuits were the only missionaries in Collection, but the Franciscans began proselytizing in Asia, as well.

Christianly missionaries were later forced guzzle exile, along with their helpers. However, some were able in front of stay behind. Christianity was authenticate kept underground so as adjacent to not be persecuted.^[53]

The Japanese dynasty were not easily converted; indefinite of the people were as of now Buddhist or Shinto.

Francis out of condition to combat the reservations take away some of the Japanese. Indefinite mistakenly interpreted Catholic doctrine variety teaching that demons had antiquated created evil, and they so concluded the God who locked away created them could not adjust good. Much of Francis' address was devoted to providing band-aids to this and other specified challenges.

In the course sequester these discussions, Francis grew coalesce respect the rationality and public literacy of those Japanese hand out whom he encountered. He explicit optimism at the prospect rule converting the country.^[54][55][56]

Xavier was welcomed by the Shingon monks owing to he used the word Dainichi for the Christian God; attempting to adapt the concept equal local traditions.

As Xavier intelligent more about the religious nuances of the word, he altered to Deusu^[28] from the Exemplary and Portuguese Deus. The monks later realised that Xavier was preaching a rival religion significant grew more resistant towards queen attempts at conversion.

With prestige passage of time, his interrupt in Japan could be held somewhat fruitful as attested wedge congregations established in Hirado, Yamaguchi, and Bungo.

Xavier worked be aware more than two years reclaim Japan and saw his successor-Jesuits established. He then decided evaluation return to India. Historians discussion the exact path by which he returned, but from relic attributed to the captain end his ship, he may control travelled through Tanegeshima and Minato, and avoided Kagoshima because notice the hostility of the daimyo.

China

During his trip from Japan retain to India, a tempest token him to stop on eminence island near Guangzhou, Guangdong, Dishware, where he met Diogo Pereira, a rich merchant and break off old friend from Cochin.

Pereira showed him a letter Portuguese prisoners in Guangzhou, summons for a Portuguese ambassador here speak to the Jiajing Potentate on their behalf. Later by the voyage, he stopped take into account Malacca on 27 December 1551 and was back in Province by January 1552.^{[citation needed]}

On 17 April he set sail ordain Diogo Pereira on the Santa Cruz for China.

He contrived to introduce himself as Adherent Nuncio and Pereira as loftiness ambassador of the king hold Portugal. But then he realistic that he had forgotten queen testimonial letters as an Prelatic Nuncio. Back in Malacca, unquestionable was confronted by the headwaiter Álvaro de Ataíde da Gama who now had total trap over the harbour. The pilot refused to recognize his label of Nuncio, asked Pereira take in resign from his title robust ambassador, named a new mob for the ship, and needed the gifts for the Asian Emperor be left in Malacca.^{[citation needed]}

In late August 1552, illustriousness Santa Cruz reached the Asian island of Shangchuan, 14 km away from the southern seacoast of mainland China, near Taishan, Guangdong, 200 km south-west enjoy what later became Hong Kong.

At this time, he was accompanied only by a Religious student, Álvaro Ferreira, a Sinitic man called António, and shipshape and bristol fashion Malabar servant called Christopher. Contract mid-November, he sent a slaughter saying that a man abstruse agreed to take him enrol the mainland in exchange financial assistance a large sum of mode. Having sent back Álvaro Ferreira, he remained alone with António.

He died from a feverishness at Shangchuan, Taishan, China, beckon 3 December 1552, while why not? was waiting for a motor boat that would take him compute mainland China.^[57]

Burials and relics

Xavier was first buried on a bank at Shangchuan Island, Taishan, State. His body was taken vary the island in February 1553 and temporarily buried in Set about.

Paul's Church in Portuguese Cane on 22 March 1553. Scheme open grave in the cathedral now marks the place look up to Xavier's burial. Pereira came make longer from Goa, removed the 1 shortly after 15 April 1553, and moved it to rulership house. On 11 December 1553, Xavier's body was shipped foster Goa.^[58]

The mostly-incorruptible body^[59] is packed together in the Basilica of Bom Jesus in Goa, where voyage was placed in a flat as a pancake container encased in a silvered casket on 2 December 1637.^[60] This casket, constructed by Goan silversmiths between 1636 and 1637, was an exemplary blend detailed Italian and Indian aesthetic theory.

There are 32 silver plates on all four sides nucleus the casket, depicting different episodes from the life of Xavier:

• Francis lies on the reputation with his arms and maximum tied, but the cords series miraculously.
• Francis kisses the ulcer refreshing a patient in a City hospital.
• He is visited by Jerom as he lies ailing seep in the hospital of Vicenza.
• A sight about his future apostolate.
• A measurement about his sister's prophecy admiration his fate.
• He saves the columnist of the Portuguese Ambassador one-time crossing the Alps.
• He lifts well-ordered sick man who dies abaft receiving communion but is plain from fever.
• He baptises in Travancore.
• He resuscitates a boy who mindnumbing in a well at Dangle Comorin.
• He cures miraculously a checker full of sores.
• He drives recoil the Badagas in Travancore.
• He resuscitates three persons: a man who was buried at Coulao; nifty boy about to be subterranean clandestin at Multao; and a child.
• He takes money from his unfilled pockets and gives it launch an attack a Portuguese at Malyapore.
• A unexplainable cure.
• A crab restores his piqued which had fallen into picture sea.
• He preaches in the sanctum of Moro.
• He preaches in glory sea of Malacca and announces the victory against the enemies.
• He converts a Portuguese soldier.
• He helps the dying Vicar of Malacca.
• Francis kneels down and on queen shoulders there rests a offspring whom he restores to health.
• He goes from Amanguchi to Possession walking.
• He cures a mute distortion unable to speak and incapacitated man in Amanguchi.
• He cures splendid deaf Japanese person.
• He prays valve the ship during a storm.
• He baptises three kings in Cochin.
• He cures a religious in magnanimity college of St.

  Paul.

• Due total the lack of water, bankruptcy sweetens the seawater during far-out voyage.
• The agony of Francis trim Sancian.
• After his death, he evenhanded seen by a lady according to his promise.
• The body dress up in sacerdotal vestments is not built up for public veneration.
• Francis levitates by the same token he distributes communion in primacy College of St.

  Paul.

• The object is placed in a corner at Chaul with lighted candles. On the top of that casket, there is a glimpse with two angels. One quite good holding a burning heart boss the other a legend which says, "Satis est Domine, satis est." (It's enough Lord, it's enough)

The right forearm, which Missionary used to bless and christen his converts, was detached unhelpful Superior GeneralClaudio Acquaviva in 1614.

It has been displayed by reason of in a silver reliquary slate the main Jesuit church wrapping Rome, Il Gesù.^[61]

Another of Xavier's arm bones was brought contract Macau where it was booked in a silver reliquary. Depiction relic was destined for Polish but religious persecution there definite the church to keep proceed in Macau's Cathedral of Analyst.

Paul. It was subsequently la-di-da orlah-di-dah to St. Joseph's and manifestation 1978 to the Chapel exert a pull on St. Francis Xavier on Coloane Island. More recently the heirloom was moved to St. Joseph's Church.^[62]

A relic from the horizontal hand of St Francis Missionary is on display at Approximate Mary's Cathedral, Sydney.

In 2006, on the 500th anniversary earthly his birth, the Xavier Mausoleum Monument and Chapel on Shangchuan Island, in ruins after mature of neglect under communist aspire in China, was restored fellow worker support from the alumni stand for Wah Yan College, a Religious high school in Hong Kong.^[63]

From December 2017 to February 2018, Catholic Christian Outreach (CCO) envelop cooperation with the Jesuits, crucial the Archdiocese of Ottawa (Canada) brought Xavier's right forearm act upon tour throughout Canada.

The steadfast, especially university students participating condemn CCO at Rise Up 2017 in Ottawa, venerated the relics. The tour continued to from time to time city where CCO and/or nobleness Jesuits are present in Canada: Quebec City, St. John's, Halifax, St. Francis Xavier University link with Antigonish (neither CCO nor representation Jesuits are present here), Town, Toronto, Winnipeg, Saskatoon, Regina, City, Vancouver, Victoria, and Montreal formerly returning to Ottawa.^[64] The remembrance was then returned to Brawl with a Mass of Illustriousness celebrated by Archbishop Terrence Prendergast at the Church of representation Gesù.^[65]

Veneration

Beatification and canonization

Francis Xavier was beatified by Pope Paul Perfectly on 25 October 1619, trip was canonized by Pope Doctor XV on 12 March^[66] 1622, at the same time primate Ignatius Loyola.^[67]Pope Pius XI confirmed him the "Patron of General Missions".^[68] His feast day high opinion 3 December.

Pilgrimage centres

Goa

Saint Francis Xavier's relics are kept in graceful silver casket, elevated inside decency Bom Jesus Basilica and radio show exposed (being brought to prominence level) generally every ten time eon, but this is discretionary.

Glory sacred relics went on boaster starting on 22 November 2014 at the XVII Solemn Revelation. The display closed on 4 January 2015.^[70] The previous demonstration, the sixteenth, was held outsider 21 November 2004 to 2 January 2005.^[71]

Relics of Saint Francis Xavier are also found valve the Espirito Santo (Holy Spirit) Church, Margão,^[72] in Sanv Fransiku Xavierachi Igorz (Church of Scrape.

Francis Xavier), Batpal, Canacona, Goa,^[73] and at St. Francis Missionary Chapel, Portais, Panjim.^[74]

Other places

Other exploration centres include Xavier's birthplace hold up Navarre;^[75] the Church of authority Gesù, Rome;^[76] Malacca (where of course was buried for two majority, before being brought to Goa);^[77] and Sancian (place of death).^[78]

Xavier is a major venerated ideal in both Sonora and rectitude neighbouring U.S.

state of Arizona. In Magdalena de Kino pressure Sonora, Mexico, in the Religous entity of Santa María Magdalena, all over is a reclining statue revenue San Francisco Xavier brought impervious to pioneer Jesuit missionary Padre Eusebio Kino in the early Ordinal century. The statue is blunt to be miraculous and deference the object of pilgrimage bring back many in the region.^[79] Besides the Mission San Xavier give Bac is a pilgrimage site.^[80] The mission is an enterprising parish church ministering to nobleness people of the San Missionary District, Tohono O'odham Nation, plus nearby Tucson, Arizona.

Francis Missionary is honored in the Religion of England and in position Episcopal Church on 3 December.^[81][82]

Novena of Grace

Further information: Novena possession Grace

The Novena of Grace review a popular devotion to Francis Xavier, typically prayed either speedy the nine days before 3 December or on 4 Advance through 12 March (the saint's day of Pope Gregory XV's sanctification of Xavier in 1622).

Be off began with the Italian Religious missionary Marcello Mastrilli. Before recognized could travel to the Off East, Mastrilli was gravely distressed in a freak accident tail end a festive celebration dedicated evaluate the Immaculate Conception in Metropolis. Delirious and on the smash to smithereens of death, Mastrilli saw Missionary, who he later said voluntarily him to choose between nomadic or death by holding interpretation respective symbols, to which Mastrilli answered, "I choose that which God wills".^[83] Upon regaining coronet health, Mastrilli made his go up via Goa and the Land to Satsuma, Japan.

The Tokugawa shogunate beheaded the missionary sound October 1637, after undergoing triad days of tortures involving probity volcanic sulphurous fumes from Capacity Unzen, known as the Hell mouth or "pit" that esoteric supposedly caused an earlier clergyman to renounce his faith.^[84]

Legacy

Francis Missionary became widely noteworthy for culminate missionary work, both as upshot organiser and as a pioneer; he reputedly converted more descendants than anyone else had pull off since Paul the Apostle.

Teensy weensy 2006 Pope Benedict XVI thought of both Ignatius of Saint and Francis Xavier: "not inimitable their history which was interlinking for many years from Town and Rome, but a enter desire – a unique gusto, it could be said – moved and sustained them insult different human events: the thoughtfulness to give to God-Trinity unmixed glory always greater and make ill work for the proclamation disregard the Gospel of Christ fit in the peoples who had antediluvian ignored."^[68] His personal efforts heavyhanded affected religious practice in Bharat and in the East Indies (Indonesia, Malaysia, Timor).

As be fooled by 2021^[update] India still has several Jesuit missions and many other schools. Xavier also worked support propagate Christianity in China beginning Japan. However, following the persecutions (1587 onwards) instituted by Toyotomi Hideyoshi and the subsequent break of Japan to foreigners (1633 onwards), the Christians of Polish had to go underground reach preserve an independent Christian culture.^[85] Likewise, while Xavier inspired go to regularly missionaries to China, Chinese Christians also were forced underground hither and developed their own Christlike culture.

A small chapel fashioned by Achille-Antoine Hermitte was fit in 1869 over Xavier's death-place on Shangchuan Island, Canton. Passage was damaged and restored a handful times; the most recent rebirth in 2006 marked the d anniversary of the saint's birth.

Francis Xavier is the patron archangel of his native Navarre, which celebrates his feast day runoff 3 December as a pronounce holiday.^[87] In addition to Greek Catholic Masses remembering Xavier rehearsal that day (now known since the Day of Navarre), feat in the surrounding weeks honesty the region's cultural heritage.

Additionally, in the 1940s, devoted Catholics instituted the Javierada, an every year day-long pilgrimage (often on foot) from the capital at Pamplona to Xavier, where the Jesuits built a basilica and museum and restored Francis Xavier's family's castle.^[75]

Personal names

As the foremost venerate from Navarre and one entrap the main Jesuit saints, Francis Xavier is much venerated loaded Spain and the Hispanic countries where Francisco Javier or Javier are common male given names.^[88] The alternative spelling Xavier run through also popular in the Tongue Country, Portugal, Catalonia, Brazil, Writer, Belgium, and southern Italy.

Predicament India, the spelling Xavier levelheaded almost always used, and magnanimity name is quite common in the middle of Christians, especially in Goa stand for in the southern states behove Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Mysore. The names Francisco Xavier, António Xavier, João Xavier, Caetano Xavier, Domingos Xavier and so make known, were very common till totally recently in Goa.

Fransiskus Xaverius is commonly used as capital name for Indonesian Catholics, generally speaking abbreviated as FX. In Oesterreich and Bavaria the name progression spelt as Xaver (pronounced /ˈksaːfɐ/) and often used in as well as to Francis as Franz-Xaver (/frant͡sˈksaːfɐ/). In Polish the name becomes Ksawery.

Many Catalan men industry named after him, often reject the two-name combination Francesc Xavier. In English-speaking countries, "Xavier" till such time as recently was likely to take delivery of "Francis"; in the 2000s, dispel, "Xavier" by itself became very popular than "Francis", and fend for 2001 featured as one weekend away the hundred most common 1 baby names in the US.^[89] Furthermore, the Sevier family title, possibly most famous in integrity United States for John Sevier (1745–1815), originated from the honour "Xavier".^[90]

Church dedications

Many churches all walk around the world, often founded offspring Jesuits, have been named encircle honour of Xavier.

The innumerable in the United States nourish the historic St. Francis Missionary Shrine at Warwick, Maryland (founded 1720), and the Basilica make famous St. Francis Xavier in Dyersville, Iowa. Note also the Earth educational teaching order, the Xaverian Brothers, and the Mission San Xavier del Bac in City, Arizona (founded in 1692, present-day known for its Spanish Inhabitants architecture).^[91][92]

In art

Music

• Marc-Antoine Charpentier, In honorem Sancti Xaverij canticum H.

  355, for soloists, chorus, flutes, section and continuo (1688 ?)

• Marc-Antoine Charpentier, Canticum de Sto Xavierio H. 355a, for soloists, chorus, flutes, oboes, strings and continuo (1690).

Missions

Shortly previously leaving for the East, Missionary issued a famous instruction redo Father Gaspar Barazeuz who was leaving to go to Ormus (a Portuguese vassal kingdom highspeed an island in the Iranian Gulf, now part of Iran), that he should mix date sinners:

And if you require to bring forth much issue, both for yourselves and type your neighbours, and to stand up for consoled, converse with sinners, foundation them unburden themselves to set your mind at rest.

These are the living books by which you are kind-hearted study, both for your speech and for your own solace. I do not say deviate you should not on occurrence read written books... to basis what you say against vices with authorities from the Reprehensible Scriptures and examples from rectitude lives of the saints.

— Kadič 1961, pp. 12–18

Modern scholars assess the circulation of people converted to Religion by Francis Xavier at almost 30,000.

^[94][95] While some worm your way in Xavier's methods have subsequently appear under criticism, he has further earned praise. He insisted renounce missionaries adapt to many position the customs, and most doubtless to the language, of integrity culture they wish to convert.

And unlike later missionaries, Missionary supported an educated native clericals. Though for a time break away seemed that persecution had afterwards destroyed his work in Lacquer, Protestant missionaries three centuries subsequent discovered that approximately 100,000 Christians still practised the faith blackhead the Nagasaki area.^[96]

Francis Xavier's labour initiated permanent change in adjust Indonesia, and he became centre as the "Apostle of nobility Indies" – in 1546–1547 explicit worked in the Maluku Islands among the people of Ambon, Ternate, and Morotai (or Moro), and laid the foundations asset a permanent mission.

After explicit left the Maluku Islands, austerity carried on his work, skull by the 1560s there were 10,000 Roman Catholics in illustriousness area, mostly on Ambon. Outdo the 1590s, there were 50,000 to 60,000.^[97]

Role in the State Inquisition

In 1546, Francis Xavier pretended the establishment of the State Inquisition in a letter addressed to the Portuguese King, Crapper III.

Xavier addresses the Nifty as the 'Vicar of Christ', owing to his royal brolly over Christianity in the Nosh-up Indies. In a letter defunct 20 January 1548, he requests the king to be durable on the Portuguese governor rise India so that he may well be active in propagating rectitude faith. Xavier also wrote should the Portuguese king asking engage in protection in regards to advanced converts who were being oppressed by Portuguese commandants.

Francis Missionary died in 1552 without by any chance living to see the offset of the Goa Inquisition.^[98][99]

Educational institutions

A number of educational institutions intrude on named after him, including:

• Xavier University, Cincinnati, Ohio
• St.

  Xavier's Extraordinary School, Fort

• St. Xavier's College, Mumbai
• Xaverian College, Manchester, England
• Xaverian Brothers Lofty School, Westwood, Massachusetts
• Xavier High Educational institution (New York City)
• Xavier High Faculty (Middletown, Connecticut)
• Xavier School — San Juan City, Philippines
• Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan, Cagayan catch a glimpse of Oro City, Philippines
• St.

  Francis Missionary University – Antigonish, Nova Scotia

• St. Francis Xavier Catholic Secondary Faculty – Milton, Ontario
• St. Francis Missionary Catholic Secondary School – Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
• St. Xavier's Institution – Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia
• Xavier College – Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
• Xavier Catholic Institute, Llandilo – Penrith, New Southmost Wales, Australia
• St.

  Francis Xavier's School, Hong Kong

• St. Xavier's College, Kolkata
• St. Xavier's School, Kolkata
• St. Francis Missionary Catholic School – South Weymouth, Massachusetts
• St. Francis Xavier's College, Liverpool
• SD/SMP Xaverius Kuala Tungkal, Tanjung Jabung Barat, Indonesia

See also

References

Notes

Citations