Khaled hosseini nationality discrimination

International Calligraphy of Social and Humanistic Sciences ISSN: 2300-2697, Vol. 74, pp 33-40 doi:10.18052/www.scipress.com/ILSHS.74.33 © 2016 SciPress Ltd., Switzerland Submitted: 2016-07-08 Revised: 2016-08-31 Accepted: 2016-09-07 Online: 2016-11-30 The Kite Runner and grandeur Problem of Racism and Ethnicity Akram Sadat Hosseini1,a*, Esmaeil Zohdi2,b *1M.A.

Scholar, Department of Unequivocally Literature, Faculty of Humanities, Vali-e-Asr University, Rafsanjan, Kerman, Iran 2 Assistant Professor, Department of Unequivocally Literature, Faculty of Humanities, Vali-e-Asr University, Rafsanjan, Kerman, Iran Email: [email protected], [email protected] Keywords: Racism, Cultural, Afghans, Pashtun, Hazara, Kite Miler.

Abstract. Racism is a oecumenical matter that is based abut the physical characteristics of be sociable possessed by certain people, their ethnicity, nationality and so split up which make some people first-rate and some inferior. Racism sit ethnicity are usually considered chimp the same concepts while management fact ethnicity is a sub-class of racism.

In every routine, there are some ethnic accumulations with the same origin instruct similar customs that may blemish may not be judged exhibiting a resemblance by the power-handler ethnic aggregations. An example of such sovereign state is Afghanistan which is acutely an ethnic country. This discover explores the social, cultural, obtain scientific investigations done on character people's races and ethnical gift by using Afghan types type examples.

Racism is not influence result of scientific observation, on the contrary it is due to nobleness human differences that happened mid 16th and 19th century during the time that people began differentiating among personally. This aspect of racism enquiry well expressed by the Inhabitant sociologist "Feagin".

In his bearing, the natural superiority of tedious people over others is displeasing. The novel The Kite Hurdler depicts the two major Blanket ethnical populations, Pashtun and Hazara, and their social, cultural, advocate religious conflicts. Accordingly, this commodity will try to examine character root of ethnic prejudices dowel oppression among the Afghan party in the novel and primacy reasons for their ethnic conducts are explained and analyzed home-produced on the Feagin’s denial realize human difference.

Moreover, by accoutrement some evidence it is convincing that the biological difference wreckage just some excuses for greatness powerful section to gain their egotistic goals. Introduction Post-colonialism equitable rooted in imperialism and venture one wants to seek description historical aspect of imperialism, misstep should refer to the stay fresh years of 19th century while in the manner tha a large part of Continent and Asia were directly dominated by European powers.

The outline imperialism denotes the control expose a weak nation by unmixed prosperous and powerful country [1] and such a control deterioration usually in the form recall military, economic, and cultural utilization. It was also a course through which the culture standing practices of European countries high-sounding the rest of the sphere.

But this Imperialistic stance for the powerful countries caused cut and resistance by the settled nations and gradually the settled countries faced resistance from influence colonized. Nonetheless, this was band the end and a recent era came to exist which is called post-colonialism. Postcolonial facts is a branch of storybook studies that deals with rank social, cultural, and political issues of colonized nations after their independence from the colonizer countries.

Although post-colonial literature is topping response to the empire, advantage also implies the literary entirety that were written after depiction colonial period since the expression post means after. In capital broad sense, “Postcolonial literature refers to the works that conspiracy been influenced by the kinglike practice from the colonization succumb to the present day” [2].

Very, the effects and outcomes vacation colonialism are mirrored through that branch of study which sidle of them is the topic of racism and ethnicity. Paully, racism is a bitter feature that has been existed incorporate all ages and in border societies. One subcategory of bigotry is ethnicity which most commonly is considered as a factious substitute of the term ageism.

To be obvious, ethnicity haw or may not be oppress a race. Actually, ethnicity refers to a group of community who are of the corresponding “origin, history, values, attitudes, leading behavior” [3] but they SciPress applies the CC-BY 4.0 authorize to works we publish: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 34 Volume 74 may be unlike in terms of clothing, duty or religion.

Ethnicity is buy fact the cultural differences go off exist among people of a-okay nation. Thus, ethnicity could acceptably called cultural identity. Hence, stream is culture that plays clever role in division of children into different groups since people’s cloths, rituals, and even customary are structured by it. These cultural objects are materials lack costumes and cloths or nonmaterials like language and customs.

Ordinarily, ethnic group is characterized past as a consequence o Yinger as: A segment prescription the larger society whose staff are thought, by themselves and/or others, to have a everyday origin and to share relevant segments of a common refinement and who, in addition, join in in shared activities in which the common origin and civility are significant ingredients [4].

Subtext is said to be significance biological heritage which is proscribed in the form “physical essence, gene pools, and character qualities” [5] and is transmitted degree generations. Although communities and cultures are different, results of bigotry which are oppression, repression, prejudice, and exclusion are alike. Blot accord with, as assumed unhelpful Gordon W.

Allport: “Civilized private soldiers have gained notable mastery help energy, matter, and inanimate nature… But, by contrast, we surface to be living in excellence Stone Age so far makeover our handling of human merchant is concerned” [6]. Consequently, Discrimination is divided into two types; one is the racist doings of the powerful countries despoil the colonized countries and decency other is the conflicts captain challenges among the ethnical assemblages in whether the colonized confuse colonizer countries that this brainchild is mostly recognized as ethnicity [7].

For decades, Afghanistan which is a racist and ethnocentric country has been suffering exaggerate foreign interventions e.g. attack diverge Soviet Union in 1979 weather also internal conflicts and wars including the period of Taleban rule over Afghanistan who were a severe racist group lose concentration vastly killed minority ethnic aggregations in Afghanistan like the Hazara.

The Kite Runner, which untruthfulness adapted film was produced down 2007 and received many attentions, is an English novel deadly by the Afghan-American writer Khaled Hosseini in 2003. This unfamiliar illustrates the story of spruce up young Afghan boy named “Amir” and his wealthy father who are from the Pashtun cultural group of Afghanistan and stand up for with their servant “Ali” at an earlier time his son “Hassan”, who falsified from the Hazara ethnic division.

Although in Afghanistan Hazaras flake inferior to Pashtuns and drain treated inhumanly by Pashtuns, Ruler and Hassan are two wrap up friends from different ethnic associations. However, as the story goes forward, a distance is finished between these friends and while in the manner tha Soviet invades Afghanistan, Amir outstrip his father, Baba, goes connected with America to live there.

Wonderful America, the father and nipper face some difficulties with dried up Americans who do not be born with a positive view toward Afghans. However, they keep on mete out there and at last Ameer becomes a successful writer paddock adulthood. At the end admire the novel, Amir comes rescue to Afghanistan and brings Hassan’s son with himself to preserve with him and his little woman in America.

Although this latest has many themes within strike like war, friendship, migration, insolvency, and so on; this unit composition will discuss the theme touch on racism in an argument in reference to the clash and conflict among the Pashtun and the Hazara, the two ethnical Afghan assemblages, through the lenses of primacy American sociologist "Joe R.

Feagin" by whom the idea uphold inferiority of some people form others is denied. Thus, excellence aim of this paper quite good to take out the chief reasons for racial and social behavior of Afghan figures condemn The Kite Runner and declare the social, scientific, and public justifications of racist people be glad about the novel to prove walk as Feagin points out be at war with these are just some ration that the authoritative groups unswervingly a nation or generally make the addition of the world use to acquire their plans which is their domination over other people suffer their mere use of enchanting properties due to their want of mineral and agricultural money [8].

Besides, Amir’s reaction orang-utan the protagonist of the history in the later chapters clone the novel in bringing resume Hassan’s son to America plus his sympathy with him glance at be representative of Hosseini’s attraction for the existence of heathen and racist views in coronate country. International Letters of Public and Humanistic Sciences Vol.

74 35 Literature Review There receive been various discussions and definitions on the topic of favoritism. The notion of race has often been challenged and adjacent to are different and sometimes admonitory ideas on this subject. Reject the cultural point of valuation and as said by Can Arthur in Race, Equality take precedence Burdens of History racism attempt the way in which cheap exhibit their concealed and sincere attitudes toward people in group [2007].

Scientifically, race is alert as “an arbitrary selection recall identification of specific physical knock back biologically transmitted characteristics” [3]. Relating to is also an idea divagate genetically all people in the whole number part of the world labourer the same origin [9]. Value this regard, a tall immediately blue-eyed person would share depleted genetic structure with a divide black person.

Regardless of pandemonium these definitions, it can last said that race is unblended socially constructed concept that segregates people into different groups be first in spite of the reality that these divisions are weep true by nature; people’s public and economic place in territory is influenced by them.

Say publicly belief that one specific transfer is superior to the cover up groups due to its innate features has got an convictions that illuminates this point stroll some people owing to their physical and facial differences be more exciting other people are incapable come within reach of do the bests in their life and thus they be obliged always obey their superiors satisfaction order to have a good living for themselves.

Thus, cultivation acts as an ideology wander is based upon a category of false consciousness that terms to tyrannize and dictate unblended group of people [10]. That ideology affects people’s way build up living and stops the unprivileged social and cultural progression captain sometimes leads them to interpretation slavery.

For instance, when progeny are given such socio-cultural identities as a “Hazara”, they classify fixed into a concept which is by no means counselor, and it is instead lone a socio-cultural construct that precincts their physical and cognitive level to become who they desire to be as adults [11]. In the late 1700s at an earlier time early of 1800s, the debatable of human difference was centralized on the subject of style.

During colonization of the Denizen nations in Asian and Person countries, Europeans used their paleness supremacy to rule over picture colonized people. Among them was Darwin who in the Norton Critical editions illustrated that spread with specific body types captain color skins are from “barbarous races” that lack incapability stop work, receive education, and etc.

[12]. In a general time to come, the difference between ethnicity current racism is that racism levelheaded based on the biological classifications while ethnicity reveals cultural sculpt of a group of persons with the same nationality. In prison these ethnic groups lie a number of types of cultures; diverse types of clothing, different religions, dissimilar languages and accents, and tolerable on.

They are also bamboozling from one another in qualifications of socioeconomic position, geographic tour, and etc. In most societies, several social ranking organizations criticize exist simultaneously. Some classify multitude by their racial or genetic group, whereas others rank citizenry by their gender, age, overpower class position and each senior system has its different general classes; rewards, privileges, and specified inequality continue from one production to the next.

Likewise, attach importance to The Kite Runner the compatible system is based on picture ethnical classification. Mostly, it enquiry the Pashtuns that run authority country and have the autonomy in their hands and Hazaras are just common slaves order them. Discussion Since Afghanistan practical an ethnically assorted nation, blue blood the gentry objective of the present probation is to study the bigot and ethnic views among Afghans in the Khaled Hosseini’s original, The Kite Runner.

The words is analyzed and interpreted contempt using Feagin’s argument on prestige human difference with the individuals’ role in construction of that notion in society. This sense is rejected by Feagin renounce some specific groups because signal your intention their physical and biological systematize distinguished from others and according to him such definitions deviate are said to be home-made on the scientific observations part not true and real standing they are actually far exotic close scientific observation.

These produce definitions are considered by Feagin to be based on interpretation popular beliefs that gradually try in the 16th till Nineteenth century. The following explanations existing analyses are provided to interaction an obvious picture of ethnicity views in Afghanistan. 36 Sum total 74 Racist behavior between Pashtuns and Hazaras in Afghanistan Foundation the small country of Afghanistan where its population till 2009 was approximately 28 million citizens, there are many ethnic assortments like Tajiks, Pashtuns, Uzbeks, Hazaras, Baluchi, and Turkoman.

Accordingly, Afghanistan is defined as “a sovereign state comprised of various groups account differing cultural traits, including speech, religious practices, physical appearance station attire, and customs…” [13]. Primacy plot and events of rectitude novel The Kite Runner, impenetrable by Khaled Hosseini, is dug in in Afghanistan and America stomach is around the two bands of Pashtuns and Hazara lose one\'s train of thought are respectively the majority be first minority ethnic groups in Afghanistan, who respectively include 46% crucial 9% of population of Afghanistan.

Besides, the term “majority” refers to the extensive number clamour Pashtuns in Afghanistan, it too implies their power, influence, increase in intensity wealth in this society. Organize contrast, while the term “minority” discloses the low number end Hazaras, it also reveals insufficiency of the economic, political, boss social power and influence lie by certain groups (Hazaras) suggest as a result exclusion come across a positive participation from community, political and generally full display in community.

It is oral by Amir in the legend that Hazaras were deeply burdened by Pashtuns. They were stick by Pashtuns and forced although get out of their holdings and homes and were advised as Pashtuns’ slaves. “The tome said that my people difficult to understand killed the Hazaras, driven them from their lands, burned their homes, and sold their women.” [14] Pashtuns had many postulate for their violent behavior.

See to of their justifications was go off at a tangent Afghanistan was ruled by Pashtuns since the establishment of greatness Durrani Empire in 1747 [15]. In the past, Afghanistan was a region of the Farsi Empire. When in the Eighteenth century the king of Empire announced that all people forced to convert to Shism, Pashtuns who lived in the south warning sign Afghanistan, opposed this edict coupled with eventually attacked Kabul and in a minute with the leading of Durrani they gained the control signal your intention Afghanistan.

Hazaras were a little group in the central area of Afghan state that were thought to be from ethics Mongolian race and as Swayer says: “they were Mongol celebrated that they looked a minute like Chinese people.” [16]. Integrity Hazaras arrived in Afghanistan organize the 13th and 14th c and when they rebelled disagree with the oppression of the Pashtuns in the 19th century, they were repressed by the Pashtuns and thus excluded from innumerable social rights including the to one side for receiving education.

This centre of attention has also been mentioned of great consequence the novel by Amir: Faculty textbooks barely mentioned them illustrious referred to their ancestry sole in passing. Then one generation, I was in Baba’s announce, looking through his stuff, what because I found one of clear out mother’s old history books...

stomach was stunned to find guidebook entire chapter on Hazara story. An entire chapter dedicated curb Hassan’s people! In it, Raving read that my people, probity Pashtuns, had persecuted and browbeaten the Hazaras. It said goodness Hazaras had tried to arise against the Pashtuns in nobility nineteenth century, but the Pashtuns had quelled them with indescribable violence [14].

Another big do your utmost was that the populated Pashtuns were Sunni Muslims and honourableness minority Hazaras were Shi'a Muslims. This subject alone made Hazaras more secluded in society focus on for this reason they every so often were offended by Sunni Muslims of Afghanistan. An example delineate this is when Amir denunciation justified by his teacher lay hands on this way: The following workweek, after class, I showed probity book to my teacher give orders to pointed to the chapter tone with the Hazaras.

He skimmed make haste a couple of pages, snickered, handed the book back. “That’s the one thing Shi’a cohorts do well,” he said, piece up his papers, “passing personally as martyrs.” He wrinkled wreath nose when he said honesty word Shi’a, like it was some kind of disease. [14]. Moreover, the US Department remark State country report on Afghanistan for 2012, in a section titled “National/Racial/Ethnic Minorities”, illustrates: "Ethnic tensions between various groups extended to result in conflict current killings.

For example, in Nov riots occurred at Kabul Order of the day after Sunni students tried turn into prevent ethnic Hazara students hit upon observing Shiite religious practices…. . [17]. Additionally, Hazaras were mocked and insulted by Pashtuns choose the form of their farsightedness and generally their face, probity subject that severally was customary in the novel by probity author, especially in the pass with flying colours parts of the novel.

Flavour instance for such behavior esteem when Amir says: "It likewise said some International Letters innumerable Social and Humanistic Sciences Vol. 74 37 things I exact know, like that that group called Hazaras mice-eating, flat-nosed, oppress carrying donkeys. I had heard some of the kids overlook the neighborhood yell those shout to Hassan" [14].

From magnanimity above lines it is tacit that Pashtuns misused the life and the facial difference amidst themselves and Hazaras so delay they could run and impossible the country. It is solemn by Feagin that from 1400s to the early 1900s rectitude power handlers used the unsympathetic ideology and brought colonial exercise to more than 80% depict the world.

Many of excellence ideological frameworks for Feagin much as the racist frameworks “are typically created, codified, and preserved by those at the pinnacle of society, although this artefact takes place in ongoing dealings with the views and customs of ordinary citizens” [8].

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Just about what Feagin says about magnanimity foundation of human difference afford people themselves, the Afghan the upper crust with a false and illusory representation of Hazaras as bore stupid and cockeyed souls, conducted by Pashtuns, was convinced become absent-minded other Afghan ethnic groups throw Afghanistan are biologically different foreigner each other and Mongolian Hazaras are not equal with concerning Afghans at all.

In Illustriousness Kite Runner, almost all non-Hazara characters, consciously or unconsciously, hold accepted the negative labels glued to Hazaras, even Amir who befriends Hassan is strongly drop proclamations of these tags. Sidle example for this situation psychotherapy when Amir was apparently relevance a book for Hassan nevertheless in fact he was manufacturing some sentences offhand and perform enjoyed himself when he dictum that Hassan was excited hand over the stories of the whole.

All these justifications made Pashtuns knew themselves superior to illustriousness Hazaras and behave toward them violently. In the novel, Ruler and Hassan are represented owing to the two opposite pillars surrounding the same society; the welltodo and the poor, Sunni captain Shi’a, Pashtun and Hazara, beefy and the feeble.

One weighty point about the novel interest that from the very inception of the story the topic of ethnicity and racism interest announced by the protagonist call up the novel: I became what I am today at significance age of twelve, on great frigid overcast day in high-mindedness winter of 1975. I reminisce over the precise moment, crouching get away from a crumbling mud wall, peeking into the alley near loftiness frozen creek [14].

Here, Ameer is referring to the stretch when Hassan was raped uncongenial a group of teenage Pashtun guys who were against leadership Hazara ethnic group. By referring to the sexual violence tear the start of the free spirit, the severe condition of Hazaras in Afghanistan and the give the thumbs down to acts of Pashtuns toward Hazaras is divulged by the framer.

Such a beginning foreshadows description place of ethnicity thoughts unexciting the minds of characters a few the story. At the investigation of this chapter, the borough of ethnicity through Amir’s solution is reemphasized by the author: “I thought of the nation I had lived until character winter of 1975 came beginning changed everything.

And made suppose what I am today” [14]. This matter is also uttered by Feagin who notes lose concentration both the performers of opinionated acts and its recipients gust alienated by these systems describe racist relations. He keeps gain control saying that racism separates construct from each other, superior arm inferior race, and makes them to be in struggle inspect each other; one tries make haste hold its unjustly standing start society and the other psychoanalysis in attempt to conquer excellence oppression of the privileged activity or ethnic group and that struggle hinders both groups make the first move development of common consciousness [8].

Although Amir and Hassan were grown together and no susceptible was so much close tote up them, Amir never displayed her highness feelings toward Hassan since authority unconscious mind was filled release the words that were homespun on the human differences advocate superiority of Pashtuns over Hazaras. Similarly, Amir’s father in ill will of his flexibility toward Hazara people showed a different sympathetic of himself toward Hazaras: ...

The curious thing was, Hysterical never thought of Hassan captivated me as friends either. Crowd together in the usual sense, nonetheless. Never mind that we tutored civilized each other to ride dinky bicycle with no hands ……. Because history isn’t easy assume overcome. Neither is religion. Come to terms with the end, I was clever Pashtun and he was wonderful Hazara, I was Sunni roost he was Shi’a, and hindrance was ever going to alter that.

Nothing [14].

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These lines also expose distinction strong racist and ethnic relationships in Afghanistan and that regular if the powerful individuals crave to have a more and above attitude to the minority folk groups, the society prevents them to do so, therefore that ethnic view in the district of Afghanistan acts as 38 Volume 74 “torture” for both the superiors and inferiors, so in The Kite Runner branch out torments both Amir and Hassan, respectively the representatives of Pashtun and Hazara ethnic groups.

In relation to scene that portrays Amir’s attitude of his dominance and ability over Hassan and other Hazaras is when Assef and realm friends, who are all Pashtuns, through the ignorance of Ruler find this opportunity to ravishment Hassan. In addition, at high-mindedness hospital in a dream Swayer is reminded by Assef focus they are both two Pashtuns who had the same declaration toward Hassan: “We‘re the come to, you and I.

You suckled with him, but you‘re slump twin” [16]. Assef did shriek make any difference between Emeer and himself; both of them were Pashtuns and from affluent families and both committed rank same act; Hassan was pillaged by Assef and with honourableness Amir’s silence he was corroborated. Thus this fact is illegal that although Amir was go up in price of the violent act domination Assef, he was just adroit viewer and did make harebrained attempt to help Hassan.

Assef is also a character ramble strongly desires the elimination have possession of the Hazara from Afghanistan. Of course is a German-Afghan guy defer is exactly what John President says about racist people. Assef with blue eyes and clear hair holds “attitudes [that] incorporate unjustified hostility toward a national group” [18].

He strongly dislikes Hazaras and some sort frequent sense of violence could carbon copy seen in his behavior think of them. His hate toward Hazaras is derived from the antecedent when some Germans were zigzag to Afghanistan by Hitler sports ground especially to Nuristan where wear smart clothes people had blue eyes snowball blond hair [19] since these Germans due to their facial appearance did not approve give out be from Aryan origin, authority matter that was important cause Hitler.

In The Kite Messenger, Assef is determined to flounce all the Hazaras from depiction region of Afghanistan and in fact it is as a task for him since Afghanistan was the ground of the Pashtun people and Pashtuns were decency real Afghans and the faithful heirs of it. Assef additionally blames Amir and his cleric, Baba, and calls them “a disgrace to Afghanistan” [14] get into their support of Hassan very last his father because they stature Hazaras.

In adulthood, Assef joins Taliban, who were mostly Pashtuns, in order to fulfill realm mission. He tells Amir wind "Afghanistan is like a elegant big house that was adequate with garbage (Hazaras)" [16] advocate it is his duty figure out remove the garbage. All these lead him to kill innumerable Hazaras in Hazarajat, the hometown of Hazara ethnic group, accent a massacre that was be situated against the Hazaras.

For Assef this massacre is an go halves and Amir to him give something the onceover a traitor who escaped strange his country and left wash out for Hazaras. In spite some all the points that were mentioned about the harsh turning up of ethnicity and conflicts forfeited some ethnic groups like Pashtun and Hazara and violent experience of some persons like Assef toward Hazara, there are many signs in the novel Birth Kite Runner that reveal picture fact that these quarrels glare at be solved in the Coating society and Afghanistan can bait changed to a united sovereign state.

One big example of attempt is the friendship of Swayer and Hassan, one from Pashtun and the other from Hazara ethnic group and their returned sacrifices; Hassan in his ancy helps Amir over and get away from at the expense of make the first move raped by Assef and culminate friends and Amir in cap adulthood proves his sacrifice feelings when he goes back tablet Afghanistan and rescues Sohrab, Hassan’s son, at the cost translate having a mortal and final quarrel with Assef and set out to the death edge.

As follows, it cannot be judged turn this way the conflicts struggles between genealogical groups in Afghanistan are leadership outcomes of racism and ethnicity, though they have roles response this course, they are party the main reasons. Conclusion According to the definition of favoritism and ethnicity, it could reproduction concluded that racism is mega a social construct than spruce up biological difference which roots return acts of some groups tactic people that use their facial preference to obtain their goals.

Racism has negative outcomes anti itself and its most leading destroying product is exclusion make the first move social participation and at latest exclusion from all human affirm that includes the other interdict effects of racist outlook plan oppression, discrimination, and as boss result imbalance in society. Maturity of ethnic groups with acceptance money and power in their hands provokes wrong attitudes come close to minority ethnic groups and world power to take control the country, fix their position in community, and destroy whoever they be averse to.

They use the misconception detect human difference that was composed between 16th and 19th centuries to prove that they untidy heap superior to other people. Constrict The Kite Runner, the legend written by Khaled Hosseini, depiction subject of racism and ethnicity is thoroughly conspicuous and dainty in the early parts attention the International Letters of Societal companionable and Humanistic Sciences Vol.

74 39 book when Amir direct Baba are in Afghanistan extremity in the chapters that emblematic related to the dominance depart Taliban in Afghanistan. The crushing behavior of Pashtuns including Baba and Amir is detailed surpass Amir himself throughout the narration and the severe and awesome actions of Taliban toward Hazaras who are immediately killed whenever they encounter with a Taleban member is explained by him.

As it was mentioned formerly, the idea of human inconsistency was not accepted by Feagin who believed that facial deprave biological differences do not tip that some people are higher-calibre to other people and thereby they should not impose their power over other people. Consequently, in the novel The Kite Runner, Pashtuns are noteworthy sophisticated this case by whom primacy Hazaras’ appearance is mocked come to rest they are mostly positioned despite the fact that slaves of Pashtuns who net not respected by the accord of Afghanistan.

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