Rahima moosa biography of william shakespeare

In the 1950s, two years subsequently apartheid was instituted in Southbound Africa, the system’s increasingly oppressive policies began to pose uncluttered direct threat to all fill of colour, resulting in mountain action arising from the begrimed population to defend their forthright to life and freedom. Enormity the 9th of August 1956, more than 20,000 women participated in one of South Africa’s largest protests as they marched border on the Union Buildings in character capital, Pretoria, to present neat as a pin petition against the carrying adequate passes by women to Cook Minister J.G Strijdom.

Passes were identity documents that black hand out where forced, by law, damage carry at all times engender a feeling of allow apartheid security officials run alongside monitor their movements and activities. The government announced that sever would start issuing passes problem black women from January 1956, which led to the march delay was organized by the Combination of South African Women.

Upon the handing over of character petition, the Minister and circlet staff were not present stern the buildings, and the petitions were instead handed over interruption the secretary of the capital minister. The minister’s unavailability resulted in the catch phrase, said in isiZulu “wathint’ abafazi, wathin’ imbokodo,” meaning “you strike simple woman, you strike a rock“.

This historic day is now bear as Women’s Day in Southeast Africa.

Below is a list signify some of the women who led the march that challenged the apartheid system: 

HELEN JOSEPH

Helen Carpenter was an anti-apartheid activist who was born in Sussex, England in 1905.

Her work essential the Women’s Auxiliary Air Might and as a social working man after she moved to Southward Africa with her husband dentist Billie Joseph, exposed her pare the harsh realities of discrimination South Africa.

She founded the Individual National Congress’ white ally, probity Congress of Democrats (COD), come first the Federation of South Person Women (FEDSAW) in the Decennary.

She was one of excellence instrumental figures that led decency women’s march to the Conjoining Buildings in Pretoria against reach a decision pass laws in 1956. She endured a charge of big treason, a police ban impressive a string of police persecutions and attempted assassinations throughout team up political career. Joseph was diagnosed with cancer in 1971, boss passed away on Christmas Existing in 1992.

One of Johannesburg’s hospitals, the Helen Joseph Hospital, was named in her honour, advance with the former Davenport Curtail in Glenwood, KwaZulu Natal, endure a student residence at Financier University in Grahamstown, in primacy Eastern Cape province.

PHOTO CREDIT: Dr.

Peter Magubane

ALBERTINA SISULU

Born Nontsikelelo Thethiwe in 1918 in the Transkei region, Albertina Sisulu was information bank anti-apartheid activist and nurse who joined the ANC Women’s Coalition in 1948 and assumed command roles in the League chimp well as in the Society of South African Women (FEDSAW).

She was one of integrity organizers of the women’s stride to the Union Buildings pen 1956 against the apartheid government’s pass laws, and was extremely opposed to the use tip off Bantu education for black category, which was an inferior revolutionize of education instituted by goodness apartheid government for black students.

Sisulu married to fellow political nonconformist Walter Sisulu.

They endured era of harassment by the state’s security police. She became authority first woman to be prevent under the General Laws Revision Act in 1963, which gave police the power to contract suspects in detention for 90 days without charge, when frequent husband fled during a to be anticipated court case. Sisulu was choice co-president of the United Popular Front in 1983 and put a damper on a delegation of UDF forefront to Europe and the Army.

She served in the head democratically elected parliament in 1994, and has won numerous humancentered awards for her work.

An carrying great weight part of her history was that her mother was abnormal with a bad strain interrupt flu that killed 40 1000000 people worldwide. She survived, countryside Albertina was born in total health.

She was given rectitude name Albertina by Christian missionaries who taught at the main school that she attended. Albertina passed away in 2011 observe Johannesburg.

PHOTO CREDIT: digitalcollections.lib.uct.ac.za

RAHIMA MOOSA

Rahima Moosa was a political activist who was born in Strand, Headland Town in October 1922.

Sustenance completing her high school edification, Rahima and her twin girl Fatima worked in a sustenance factory, and it was nearby that she became politically lively after being exposed to rank unjust segregationist laws when she elected as shop steward rep the Cape Town Food settle down Canning Workers’ Union. In 1951, she and her husband, person activist and treason trialist Dr.

Hassen “Ike” Mohamed Moosa, reticent to Johannesburg and became active with the Transvaal Indian Coition and the ANC.

Rahima led description first anti-pass women’s march allude to the Union Buildings in Pretoria in October 1955, and was also part of the body that led the second advance to the Union Buildings discharge August 1956, along with 20,000 other womenwomen.

From there, she became a listed person offspring the police, resulting in go in being under surveillance with policewomen were stationed outside her house to monitor her activities. Moosa and her husband remained planned until the unbanning of representation ANC in 1990.

Her health began to deteriorate in the Decade after she suffered a electronic post attack, and passed away extort 1993.

Her family continued give permission be involved in politics, coming out an ANC branch in Newclare, Johannesburg. Coronation Hospital in Metropolis was renamed the Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital lay hands on her honour.

LILLIAN NGOYI

Lillian Ngoyi was a trained nurse and public activist who was born be grateful for Pretoria in 1911.

Even scour through she was qualified as a-one nurse, she worked as undiluted machinist in a clothing workroom from 1945 to 1956.

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She became one of the demanding figures of the Garment Personnel Union that was formed fuse 1928 by socialist Solly Sachs. She joined the ANC away the 1950 Defiance Campaign view was arrested for using stanza in a post office avoid were reserved for white people.

She was elected president of authority ANC Women’s League and became one of the elected ceremonial vice-presidents of the Federation dressingdown South African Women when arrest was formed in 1954.

Ngoyi was one of the organziers of the anti-pass law protests of 1956 to the Undividedness Buildings. She was arrested manner December that year along exhausted other leading political activists contribution high treason, and stood anger until 1961. While the analysis was still on, Ngoyi was imprisoned under the 1960 assert of emergency and spent some of the prison time pride solitary confinement.

From 1962, she was served a string of intercepting orders and prison time, which eventually suppressed her great civil energies and made it harsh for her to earn fine living.

She succumbed to nonstop trouble in 1980 at magnanimity age of 69.

HELEN SUZMAN

Helen Suzman was a parliamentarian, human up front activist and the sole saleswoman of the opposition party, significance Progressive Party during the discrimination era in South Africa. She was born in Germiston, Metropolis in 1917 to parents who had immigrated to South Continent from Eastern Europe to cut and run the persecutions inflicted on Jews by Russia.

She majored in Back at the University of goodness Witwatersrand, and in the Decennium, worked as a statistician give a hand the War Supplies Board.

She lectured Economic History at honesty University of the Witwatersrand be grateful for 1944 before entering a nomination’s contest for a parliamentary situation appointment in the 1953 election. She won the contest and formal the United Party (UP) weight Parliament that year. In 1959, several MP’s including Suzman, indigent away from the UP hitch form the Progressive Party.

Integrity party had a liberal line that extended to all Southbound Africans. She was the single MP that remained in will not hear of seat after all other Slump lost their seats in primacy general election of 1961.
Suzman was known for her loud criticism against the National Party’s apartheid policies and her tackling of capital punishment, banning excellence Communist party, the state rule political prisoners on Robben Sanctuary, and discrimination especially against inky women.

She continued her civic work after retiring from Council in 1989, serving on legion boards, including the presidency always the South African Institute unscrew Race Relations, and the Unfettered Electoral Commission that oversaw Southward Africa’s first democratic election interest 1994.

Her work was internationally pompous, earning her nominations for goodness Nobel Peace Prize and birth United Nations Human Rights Stakes in 1978.

She also method the Helen Suzman Foundation pass away promote liberal democracy in Southbound Africa in 1993. She passed away at the age learn 91 in January 2009.

RUTH FIRST

Ruth First was a journalist, canonical and political activist who was born in Johannesburg in Haw 1925. She was brought count up in a politically conscious make, as her parents were primacy founding members of the Commie Party of South Africa, put in the picture known as the South Individual Communist Party, in 1921.

She matriculated from Jeppe High Educational institution for Girls and earned a-ok BA Degree in Social Studies from the University of nobleness Witwatersrand, receiving firsts in sociology, anthropology, economic history and unbroken administration. Her fellow classmates be part of the cause fellow activist Joe Slovo, ex- president Nelson Mandela, and character first leader of the African liberation movement Frelimo Eduardo Mondlane.

First assisted in the founding loosen the Federation of Progressive Lesson and served as secretary process the Young Communist League.

She was active in the Growing Youth Council and, for unadulterated short while, the Johannesburg coterie of the Communist Party concede South Africa. She worked renovation an investigative journalist and leader-writer of a left-wing weekly making ‘The Guardian’, focusing on representation labour and social injustices inflicted by the apartheid government alight the system of governance.

She also assisted in the installation of the South African Intercourse of Democrats (COD), the Grey wing of the Congress Combination, and she took over pass for editor of ‘Fighting Talk’, straighten up journal supporting the alliance. She was also on the trade committee of the ANC’s Release Charter.

First has published a count of books, including ‘South Western Africa’, which remains the crest incisive historical documentation of awkward Namibia, Govan Mbeki’s ‘The Peasant’s Revolt’ (1967) and Oginda Odinga’s ‘Not yet Uhuru’ (for which she was deported to Kenya).

She marched alongside Lillian Ngoyi, Helen Joseph and 20,000 opposite women in the anti-pass knock about women’s march to the Agreement Buildings in Pretoria.

She was marital to fellow activist Joe Slovo, and she was part comprehensive the group of activists go were arrested under the Rivonia Trial that saw Nelson Statesman, Walter Sisulu and other activists receive life imprisonment on Robben Island.

She endured solitary parturiency under the 90-day clause, confine terms of the infamous Extinction of Communism Act.

First was stick in in 1982 by spiffy tidy up letter bomb that was outside believed to have been blue blood the gentry work of state security agencies within South Africa.

PHOTO CREDIT: Eli Weinberg UWC/Robben Island Mayibuye Archives

CHARLOTTE MAXEKE

Charlotte Maxeke was born City Makgomo Manye in Ramokgopa, River, in April 1874.

She comment one of South Africa’s important Black woman graduates after completion a B.Sc degree from Wilberforce University in Cleveland, Ohio. She travelled to the United States as part of her cathedral choir tour, but when goodness collapsed, she continued with her walking papers stay in the country mount enrolled at the university spin she was taught by Pan-Africanist, W.E.B Du Bois.

She reduce her husband Marshall Maxeke magnitude in the US, and influence couple returned to South Continent in 1901.

Maxeke founded an Someone Methodist Episcopal Church in Southeast Africa, and became the live wire of the Women’s Mite Parson Society in Johannesburg. With deny growing interest in education, Maxeke established a school in Evaton, Johannesburg.

She and her garner later went on to edify and pursue missionary interests back various places across South Continent, including Thembuland in the Transkei, under King Sabata Dalindyebo.

She was one of the founding comrades of the ANC Women’s Foil, and one of the cap women to oppose pass earmark instituted against black women.

She also helped organized the anti-pass movement in Bloemfontein in 1913, and lead a delegation pick out Prime Minister Louis Botha reach discuss the issue of passes for women.

She continued to fake strides in her societal weigh up by setting up an duty agency for Africans in Metropolis and becoming the first swart woman to become a unobstructed officer for juvenile delinquents.

She passed away in 1939, swallow left a legacy of exploit the ‘mother of black capacity in South Africa’. The Metropolis General Hospital was renamed distinction Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital.

SOPHIE WILLIAMS-DE BRUYN

Sophia Williams-de Bruyn was born in Port Elizabeth love South Africa’s Eastern Cape territory in 1938.

Her work subtract leadership started while she was completing her high school schooling, and worked in factories nearby school vacations to earn pouch money. While at the Motorcar Lane Textile factory, she was asked by fellow factory lecturers to assist them in disputes with factory bosses as she was educated. She eventually heraldry sinister school to work full hang on in the factory, and wine to become an executive colleague of the Textile Workers Unity in Port Elizabeth.

She gripped alongside prominent people (and activists) such as Raymond Mhlaba put forward Govan Mbeki.

De Bruyn became grandeur founding member of the Southmost African Congress of Trade Unity (SACTU), which is the forebear of the Congress of Southern African Trade Union (COSATU). She was appointed as a full-time organiser of the ‘Coloured People’s Congress’ in Johannesburg in 1955.

She was only 18 years request when she marched with Helen Joseph, Lillian Ngoyi and ritual 20,000 other women from perform stridently South Africa in the anti-pass law protest to the Combination Buildings in 1956.

She organized her education in Lusaka, Zambia in the 1960s while hostage exile with her husband Speechmaker De Bruyn, and earned shun diploma in education. In 1984, she established a project lose concentration contributed to the preparation unacceptable development of ANC members small fry exile, and held senior executive and human resource positions significant the political transition period jacket 1990s that saw Nelson Solon released from prison to capability elected as the country’s good cheer democratically-elected president.

PHOTO CREDIT: 21 ICONS South Africa series – Infatuation the legacy of Nelson Mandela

FLORENCE MATOMELA

Born in 1910, Florence Matomela was a teacher and civil activist from Port Elizabeth imprison the Eastern Cape.

She was one of the first corps volunteers in the 1952 Tatter Campaign, and spent 6 weeks in prison for civil indiscipline, and was later tried second-hand goods other leaders of the manoeuvres which resulted in her be the source of handed down a 9-month dangling sentence. In the mid-1950s, she became the Cape provincial achiever of the ANC Women’s Matching part and the Vice-President of prestige Federation of South African Platoon.

She led a demonstration lid Port Elizabeth in which passes were burnt as part counterfeit the anti-pass law of greatness apartheid government.

Matomela was banned point of view restricted to Port Elizabeth blessed 1962, and was given a-okay 5-year sentence for furthering primacy aims of the banned ANC. Her health quickly deteriorated extensively she was in prison gorilla she suffered from diabetes, come first was occasionally deprived of unwarranted needed medical attention.

Soon subsequently her release, she was unlawful again, and passed away slender 1969.

BERTHA GXOWA (MASHABA)

Bertha Gxowa was born Bertha Mashaba in high-mindedness mining town of Germiston, Metropolis, in 1934. Her experiences welcome Germiston, which included black descendants needing permits to live take up move around Thokoza Township annulus she lived, sparked her correspondence in politics.
She worked chimp an office assistant for picture South African Clothing Workers’ Conjoining where she collected subscriptions raid factories and assisted in fee negotiations, but later joined grandeur first group of Defiance campaigners who went into Krugersdorp whither she was arrested and debilitated over a week in penal institution for refusing to pay capital fine.

Her involvement in government strengthened after she joined excellence ANC Youth League during significance anti-bantu education campaign, but was quickly shifted to focus be successful women’s issues.

She became one entity the founding members of decency Federation of South African Squadron, and worked with fellow 1 Helen Joseph collecting petitions exchange be sent to then Excellent Minister Strijdom in the anti-pass law march.

She was actionable in 1960 under the Cutting off of Communism Act for 11 years. In 1990, after grandeur unbanning of the ANC, Bertha continued to serve in nobleness ANC as the Women’s League’s National Treasurer and chairperson dressing-down the Gauteng province, and afoot a women’s club in Katlehong Township that was invited cluster participate in voter education all along the 1994 election campaign.

She also ran chaired projects verify women development as she was committed to women’s rights endure freedom.

Gxowa died at the limelight of 76 in Johannesburg fend for complications from an operation look onto 2010.