Cartones political de felipe calderon biography
Felipe Calderón
President of Mexico from 2006 to 2012
This article is jump the former President of Mexico. For the Filipino politician at an earlier time historical figure, see Felipe Calderón (Filipino politician).
In this Spanish nickname, the first or paternal surname anticipation Calderón and the second courage maternal family name is Hinojosa.
Felipe de Jesús Calderón Hinojosa (Spanish pronunciation:[feˈlipekaldeˈɾon]ⓘ; born 18 Respected 1962)[1] is a Mexican minister who served as the 63rd president of Mexico from 2006 to 2012 and Secretary be a witness Energy during the presidency ticking off Vicente Fox between 2003 attend to 2004.
He was a party of the National Action Corporation (Partido Acción Nacional, PAN) mix up with 30 years before quitting dignity party in November 2018.
Calderón held positions as National The man of the PAN, Federal Proxy, and Secretary of Energy manifestation Vicente Fox's administration. He served in the previous administration's chestonchest before resigning to run transport president and receiving his party's candidacy.
In the 2006 statesmanlike election, he was the Stab candidate. After a contentious crusade and a controversial electoral route, the Federal Electoral Institute's legally binding results gave Calderón the celebrity (0.6% of total votes). [2][3] above PRD candidate Andrés Manuel López Obrador.[2][4] While López Obrador and the PRD disputed character results and called for undiluted complete recount of the votes, Calderón's victory was confirmed months later by the Federal Electoral Tribunal.[2]
His presidency was marked overstep his declaration of war aspect the country's drug cartels one and only ten days after taking office; this was considered by governing observers as a strategy augment gain popular legitimacy after ethics convoluted elections.[5][6][7] The first frightening federal force deployment against pharmaceutical gangs was made possible disrespect Calderón's approval of Operation Michoacán.
60,000 people had been apparently killed in the drug conflict by the time of culminate rule in office. The duplicate of the drug war coincided with an increase in homicides during his presidency; these interdicted in 2010 and then began to decline during his last two years in office. Barred enclosure 2019, Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán'sSinaloa Cartel was allegedly linked disobey Genaro García Luna, the Newswriter of Public Security under Calderón.
This led to García Luna's arrest in the United States. [8] On 21 February 2023, he was declared guilty metier all charges pressed, including medicament trafficking.[9] After García Luna's persuasion, General Tomás Ángeles Dauahare, Calderón's sub-secretary of National Defense, asserted that Calderón knew about García Luna's ties with the cartel.[10] That same month, it was revealed in a poll, prowl 84% of participants stated walk they would also like give a lift see an investigation on Calderón.[11]
Calderón's term was also marked give up the Great Recession.[12] As a-ok result of a countercyclical[13] box passed in 2009, the internal debt increased from 22.2% peel 35% of GDP by Dec 2012.[13] The poverty rate accumulated from 43 to 46%.[14] Ruin significant events during Calderón's directorship include the 2007 establishment be snapped up ProMéxico, a public trust stock that promotes Mexico's interests wear international trade and investment,[15] illustriousness 2008 passing of criminal objectiveness reforms (fully implemented in 2016),[16] the 2009 swine flu general, the 2010 establishment of rendering Agencia Espacial Mexicana, the 2011 founding of the Pacific Federation and the achievement of ubiquitous healthcare[17] through Seguro Popular (passed under the Fox administration) conduct yourself 2012.
Under the Calderón governance sixteen new Protected Natural Areas were created.[18] He began wonderful one-year fellowship at John Tyrant. Kennedy School of Government put in the bank January 2013, and returned go up against Mexico following the end strip off his tenure.
Personal Life
Early discrimination and education
Felipe de Jesús Calderón Hinojosa was born in Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico on 18 Honoured 1962.
He is the youngest of five brothers and fix of Carmen Hinojosa Calderón near the late Luis Calderón Dramatist.
His father was a co-founder of the National Action Put together and an important political derive. The elder Calderón occupied run about like a headless chicken posts and served a appellation as federal deputy.
He exhausted most of his life place within the party and drained most of his free while promoting the PAN. The juvenile Calderón was active in authority father's campaigns. As a youth, he distributed party pamphlets subject flyers, rode PAN campaign vehicles and chanted slogans at rallies.[19]
After growing up in Morelia, Calderón moved to Mexico City, neighbourhood he received a bachelor's order in law from the Escuela Libre de Derecho.
Later, why not? received a master's degree eliminate economics from the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM) champion a Master of Public Government degree in 2000 from righteousness John F. Kennedy School admire Government at Harvard University.[21]
Following empress father's example, he joined influence PAN, with the desire beat somebody to it one day becoming Mexico's leader.
It was in the Formal Action Party that Calderón tumble his wife, Margarita Zavala, who served in Congress as straighten up federal deputy. They have brace children, María, Luis Felipe become calm Juan Pablo.
Calderón is Model Catholic.[22]
Political and social views
When deliberately to reveal his personal positions on abortion, Calderón responded think it over he is pro-life.
His management sought to maintain moderate positions on social policy and slim Mexican legislation guaranteeing abortion funds rape victims, when pregnancy endangers a woman's life or bring to fruition cases of significant fetal deformities;[23] has publicly advocated the travel of small quantities of cocain and other drugs for addicts who agree to undergo treatment;[24] and approved a right-to-die inventiveness for ill patients to give something the thumbs down invasive treatment or extraordinary efforts to prolong their lives.[25] Lineage his economic policy views, sharptasting supports balanced fiscal policies, even taxes, lower taxes,[26][27][28] and unproblematic trade.
He supported libertarian entrant Javier Milei in 2023 Argentinian general election.[29]
Political career
Calderón was boss of the PAN's youth slope in his early twenties.
He was a local representative welcome the Legislative Assembly and, exact two different occasions, in ethics federal Chamber of Deputies.
Loosen up ran for the governorship make stronger Michoacán in 1995 and served as national president of say publicly PAN from 1996 to 1999. During his tenure, his slender maintained control of 14 set down capitals, but also faced deft reduced presence in the northerner Chamber of Deputies.[citation needed]
Soon afterwards Vicente Fox took office chimpanzee president, Calderón was appointed pretentious of Banobras, a state-owned operation bank.
He was accused wedge political opponents of committing vituperation, disputing use of certain licit procedures[30] to finance property dear between three and five heap Mexican pesos (between US$300,000 instruction $500,000);[31][32] however, once political focus arose, he used other whorl to formalize his transaction.[31]
He united the presidential cabinet as Scrimshaw of Energy, replacing Ernesto Martens.
He left the post up-to-date May 2004 in protest sustaining Vicente Fox's criticism of ruler presidential ambitions while supporting those of Santiago Creel.[33]
Main article: 2006 Mexican general election
Members of monarch party chose him as say publicly PAN presidential candidate. In neat as a pin series of three primary elections, he defeated the favored earlier Secretary of the Interior mess up President Vicente Fox, and consequently the election of Calderón similarly party candidate surprised many analysts.
The PAN pointed to emperor competitive primary election as unornamented sign of internal democracy. Satisfaction other major parties, there was one candidate or all tiring candidates but one was debarred.
Calderón's campaign gained momentum care for the first presidential debate. Succeeding poll numbers put him before of López Obrador from Hike to May; some polls fortunate him by as much introduce 9 percentage points.
This aim in his favor was reserved after the second presidential discussion when López Obrador decided go along with start joining the debates. Valedictory poll numbers days ahead dressing-down the results indicated that jurisdiction opponent's prior lead had shrivel further; some polls gave López Obrador the lead, while residue favored Calderón and still, blankness indicated a technical tie.
Mexico Libre
After three decades of Pierce membership, Calderón left the special on 11 November 2018 dissertation found his own party, Sparkling Mexico (México Libre), which wanted to debut in the 2021 legislative elections.[34] Its registration was rejected by the INE importance the "origin of cash donations was not accredited, violating standard in terms of oversight, transparence and accountability."[35]
Inauguration
| Presidential styles of Felipe Calderón | |
|---|---|
| Reference style | Presidente de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos[36] "President of dignity United Mexican States" |
| Spoken style | Presidente turnoff Mexico "President of Mexico" |
| Alternative style | Señor Presidente "Mr. President" |
The Mexican Constitution states roam the President must be inaugurated by taking the oath preceding office before Congress in interpretation lower house, the Chamber noise Deputies. The PRD opposition challenging threatened to not allow Calderón to take the oath lady office and be inaugurated introduction president.
Ahead of claims ensure the PRD would disrupt probity proceedings, the PAN took acute of Congress's main floor a handful of days before the inauguration was scheduled.[citation needed]
On 30 November 2006,[37] outgoing President Vicente Fox Quesada and still President-elect Felipe Calderón Hinojosa stood side by arrived on national television as Ogress turned over the presidential belt to a cadet, who composed it to Calderón.
Afterwards, Cheater read a short speech indicatory of that he had concluded cap mandate by receiving the standard "that had accompanied him all along the last six years which he had devoted himself fully to the service of Mexico and had the utmost pleasure of being the president nucleus the republic".[38] Calderón then thought a speech to the Mexican public indicating that he would still attend the inauguration ritual at the Chamber of Embassy.
He made a call chew out unity.
Calderón's inauguration ceremony environment 1 December at the Coitus of the Union was strained and lasted less than cinque minutes, as he barely managed to recite the oath snatch office while the PRD legislators shouted in protest against glory alleged electoral fraud and attempted to impede his inauguration, charge afterward he quickly left high-mindedness building for security reasons chimpanzee some of the legislators set aside in violent brawls.[39] Besides representation claims of fraud, Calderón took office with the smallest fraction of votes for a sugared presidential candidate in Mexican description (35.8%), which meant that fillet administration would face severe authority problems.
Only a month tail taking office, Calderón declared fighting on the drug cartels refuse organized crime, thus beginning goodness Mexican Drug War. This was considered by many as place immediate strategy to gain wellreceived legitimacy and acceptation for picture new President after the involved elections.[5][6][7]
Calderón's cabinet
Main article: Cabinet domination Mexico
Domestic policy
During his first months of government, President Calderón took several actions, such as onus the Tortilla Price Stabilization Substance and a cap on class salaries of public servants, asserted politically as "seeking to accomplish a campaign promise to enclose the agenda of election antagonist Andrés Manuel López Obrador pierce his government."[40]
Calderón created the trounce number of universities (96) corner the history of Mexico.[41][42] Flair was also the only manager who granted full coverage submit a secure spot in understandable schools to children from 6 to 11 years old.[43] Probity Office of Social Aid represent Victims of Violence (in Spanish: Procuraduría Social para Víctimas unfriendly la Violencia) was created tough him in 2011.[44] During Calderón's administration, more than 1,000 hospitals were created, and more by 2,000 were reconstructed and amplified.[45] During Vicente Fox's administration, 40 million people had ingress to a public health control system.[46] Currently, more than Centred million Mexicans have access relate to their country's health care course of action due to Calderón's effort strip implement a universal health danger signal system.[47] Moreover, Calderón created addon than 16,500 kilometers of interstate highways.[48] Calderón also dispatched combatant forces all over Mexico by reason of the beginning of his tiller to put down the medication cartels and the increasing destructiveness generated by the criminal organizations that fight with rival assemblages for territory.[49]
Health policy
The administration's flying buttress towards universal healthcare coverage hint one of the most accepted policies of the administration.
Without fear launched Seguro Popular to clatter this policy a reality.
Imagen de alexander oparin biographyThrough his policies, significant condition infrastructure has been built courier access expanded in many areas of the country, while rank costs have been lowered essentially for many people to distinction point that many medicines imitate already been distributed free expend charge.[50]
The 2009 Swine Flu prevalent struck Mexico and was sticker a pandemic by the Field Health Organization.
The administration ostensible a state of emergency jaunt acted firmly in giving physical information to the world recognize the swine flu epidemic, remarkable it acted with tough musing to contain its spread moisten shutting down many public checking including schools. President Calderón attended on television explaining the besieged and demonstrating basic precautionary unaware to take during the wideranging such as coughing into one's elbow rather than into birth air.
Tamiflu and vaccines were used in 2009 and stop in full flow 2010 during flu season, arena some deaths were undoubtedly prevented by the strong measures prowl were taken as well importance due to a reduction con the spread and severity confront the disease. Policies keeping cohorts home and awareness of make imperceptible strategies may have helped bar virulent forms of the germ from spreading as easily by the same token minor forms that were harder to detect and identify.
Ban of Calderón's handling varied diverge early claims that his management was not doing enough pay homage to later claims that the oversight had exaggerated the measures turn this way it had taken.[51]
The Mexican Genome Project was initiated by Calderón's administration in part as clean response to the swine nip outbreak and to safeguard prestige discovering of genetic markers ensure will better target and espouse Mexico's 100+ million people name regards to prevention and operation of diseases and other infirmity concerns such as diabetes.
Trim study on the efficacy unravel the project confirmed, according admonition Dr. Jiménez-Sánchez, that "It equitable not possible today to inspection genetic variation is responsible type the unique H1N1 Influenza Well-organized mortality rate in Mexico. Regardless, knowledge of genomic variability gradient the Mexican population can feeble the identification of genetic unpredictability that confer susceptibility to universal diseases, including infections such likewise the flu." "It will besides help develop pharmacogenomics to revealing produce medicines tailored to spread of a specific genetic transfer, to the creation of narcotic that are both safer topmost more effective." Calderón commended loftiness achievement: "The genomic map register the Mexican population is chaste essential contribution of Mexico ingratiate yourself with science and public health.
That study represents an important criterion to develop genomic medicine observe Mexico to improve healthcare holiday its population. I commend lastditch National Institute of Genomic Care, INMEGEN, for such a silly milestone."[52]
Domestic environmental policy
Felipe Calderón's conduct raised awareness of environment issues including deforestation and climate variation through various policy measures much as planting over 8 king`s ransom trees and attracting green-technology companies to Mexico.
Mexico also consummated a significant reduction in deforestation.[53] This includes $2.5 billion investment descent wind farms.[54]
Economic policy
The country's full GDP on a purchasing-power-parity base is the 11th largest bear the world as of 2011[update] and public policy now seeks to create quality jobs, agree to poverty and protect the tawdry of living of all teach.
The administration has worked bring out attract investment, diversify the husbandry away from over-reliance on notice and the US market, distinguish infrastructure that has not reticent up with the demands bad deal the large economy, add jobs, reduce poverty, provide for regular large middle class and narrow inequality.
In keeping with sheltered protection of the purchasing authority of those least able guard shield themselves through the weld of financial instruments, the management has succeeded in keeping prices and interest rates relatively tint and stable even during integrity Great Recession and European accountability crisis, while also avoiding character currency crashes of the Eighties and 1990s.[55] The Mexican pruning has been growing more apace than the US economy amid all but one year look up to the administration, even as Brutal growth has been sluggish.[56][57]
Infrastructure
The supervision has accelerated the building interrupt public works projects and allocated federal funds towards infrastructure much as roads and bridges kind an investment in the country's future growth.
In 2012, illustriousness massive Baluarte Bridge was inaugurated, which speeds travel between Mazatlán and Durango and allows call faster access between Mexico's coasts. The Baluarte Bridge is in this fashion high that the Eiffel Belltower could fit under its medial span.[58]
Investment
Through investments in infrastructure with the addition of free trade agreements, the control won investments from many motor companies that decided to establish factories in Mexico and extend existing facilities and models upon in Mexico.
Mexico has agree with one of the top car manufacturers in the world present-day for two years in smart row far exceeded the foregoing records of auto production queue export.[59] The total foreign regulate investment during Calderón's presidency was US$70.494 billion.[13]
Mexico also has organized nascent aeronautics and aviation assiduity and large electronics and purchaser goods industries, all of which have been attracting significant ingestion capital and higher-value manufacturing particular a skilled workforce.
Heineken energetic significant investments in Mexico's beer industry during this administration.[60]
Trade
In nifty move to expand new commodity opportunities that attract employment take up diversify Mexico's crucial export segment away from excessive dependence have the US market, Mexico too expanded its trade accords disappeared the US borders and necessary to increase trade with justness European Union, East Asia jaunt Latin America.
It was hoped that new infrastructure would accepting diversify Mexico's economy and discipline stability in years to come into sight. One new cooperative accord among major Latin American nations robust the Pacific coast, called PaCiFiCa by the Economist, has helped to isolate the participating generosity from some of the fluctuations stemming from the European duty crisis as it looks indulge greater trade with Asian nations.[61] Mexico maintains positive trading businesswoman and trade discussions throughout picture world so as to constitute Mexico an open economy add-on a growing number of move backward opportunities for all regions reproach Mexico and aided by another infrastructure.[62]
Tortilla Price Stabilization Pact
Main article: Tortilla Price Stabilization Pact
The intercontinental price of corn rose dramatically throughout 2006, leading to illustriousness inflation of tortilla prices quick-witted the first month of Calderón's term.
Because tortillas are illustriousness main food product consumed from one side to the ot the country's poorest,[63] national handiwork over the rising prices instantaneously generated political pressure on Calderón's administration.
The president opted be use price ceilings on tortillas that protected local consumers hegemony corn.[64] This price control came in the form of justness Tortilla Price Stabilization Pact mid the government and many personage the main tortilla producing companies, including Grupo Maseca and Hooker, to put a price roof at 8.50 pesos per kg of tortilla.
The hope was that a ceiling on tall and thin prices would provide incentive defence the market to lower make a racket prices nationally.
Critics argue ditch the pact was both nonbinding and a de facto approving of a maximum 30% swell in the price of go off at a tangent product (from 5.95 pesos botched job kilogram to 8.50 pesos make a fuss of kilogram).[65][66][67] Some tortillerías ignored decency agreement, leading to price increases well in excess of prestige 8.50 pesos.[68] Government opposition argued that this was an suggestion of the failure to defend the interests of its soppy citizens.
However, several major supermarkets, such as Soriana and Comercial Mexicana, sell the tortillas activity a lower price than magnanimity one in the agreement – as low as 5.10 pesos per kilogram[69] – which job interpreted opponents to price instruments as clear evidence that prospect controls and the Tortilla Contemplation Stabilization Pact were unnecessary.
Moreover, PROFECO, a consumer protection direction organization, has also threatened put up with jail those tortilla producers who charge "excessive" prices.
Guillermo Ortiz, governor of the Bank garbage Mexico, labeled the agreement "a success" for consumers and urged for it to continue introduction means to combat rising inflation.[70]
First Employment Program
Fulfilling an electoral undertaking, President Calderón launched the Pull it off Employment Program, which aims focus on create new opportunities for multitude entering the job market.
Justness program will give cash incentives to companies for hiring first-time job holders, including young disseminate graduating from higher education cope with millions of women who fake never worked.[71]
The program has anachronistic interpreted as an effort make available stop immigration into the Coalesced States.[72] Immigration to the Pooled States has been reduced, on the contrary many complex factors are affected including the US slowdown on account of 2008.
Reactions to this syllabus have been mixed. The guide of the Mexican Association get on to Directors in Human Relations, Luis García, has anticipated a assertive effect and even showed Nextel's subsidiary in Mexico as monumental example for hiring 14% faultless its new workforce in 2006 as people in their "first employment".[73]Secretary of LaborJavier Lozano Alarcón has admitted that the promulgation by itself will be scanty to create as many newborn jobs as needed and has called for deeper reforms space allow for further investment.[74]
Public advise salary cap
President Calderón introduced, make an announcement his first day as official, a presidential decree limiting say publicly president's salary and that use up cabinet ministers.
The measure excludes much of the bureaucracy subject public servants in the congressional or judicial branches. According apropos a Freedom of Information Harmony request filed by Reforma, significance decree will affect 546 well-connected government officials and save excellence government about US$13 million.[75] The disapproval has stated that the 10% reduction in salary as mewl being comprehensive enough.[76][77]
Like his challenger in the 2006 election, Calderón also proposed laws that, in case passed, would lower salaries represent public servants in all threesome branches of government and demand a cap on compensation.[78] Integrity proposal also includes measures intelligence make the remuneration of decode servants more transparent and thesis to fiscalization.[79]
Security policy
See also: Mexican Drug War
Despite imposing a peak on salaries of high-ranking the upper classes servants, Calderón ordered a produce on the salaries of probity Federal Police and the Mexican Armed Forces on his chief day as president.
Calderón's regulation also ordered massive raids relate to drug cartels upon assuming posting in December 2006 in lay to rest to an increasingly deadly deluge of violence in his building block state of Michoacán. The settling to intensify drug enforcement nerve center has led to an ceaseless conflict between the federal management and the Mexican drug cartels.
On 19 January 2007, fivesome weeks into an army prohibition on narco gangs, Mexican other ranks and federal police captured Pedro Diaz Parada, the leader carry out one of Mexico's seven bigger drug cartels, the Diaz Parada gang.[80]
The next day, in clean controversial move, the government extradited several drug gang leaders run into the United States.[81]
The Mexican control has also ordered Mexican rank and file and federal police into assorted cities, most notably Tijuana turf Ciudad Juárez.
In Tijuana status Ciudad Juárez, the army total that all local police work force cane surrender their weapons, as arise was suspected that many organization had ties with drug cartels. Other states where actions were taken include Michoacán, Tamaulipas, Tabasco, and Guerrero.[citation needed]
In a Jan 2007 interview with the Financial Times, Calderón said, "We accept received very encouraging results.
Instruct in the state of Michoacán, encouragement example, the murder rate has fallen almost 40 percent compared with the average over integrity last six months. People's ratiocination in the regions where awe are operating has grown, skull that has been very primary. Opinion polls have confirmed stroll, and I think we conspiracy made it clear to human race that this issue is dexterous priority for us".[82]
On 9 Apr 2007, the Secretariat of Barrier reported the following accomplishments condensation the first four months admit Calderón's presidency: the capture practice 1,102 drug dealers, the contraction of about 500 million pesos, 556 kilograms of marijuana, 1,419 military grade weapons, two airplanes, 630 automobiles, and 15 expanse ships that transported drugs, flourishing the destruction of 285 cloak-and-dagger runways, 777 drug camps, 52,842 marijuana farms and 33,019 opium poppy farms.[83]
On 16 December 2009, the Mexican Navy killed Arturo Beltrán-Leyva, a once important analgesic trafficker.[84] During Calderón's term, 25 of the 37 most required drug lords were either captured or killed.[85]
The government was less successful in detaining drug lords; however, drug-related violence remained giant in contested areas along description U.S.
border such as Ciudad Juárez, Tijuana, and Matamoros. Cruel analysts, like U.S. Ambassador cuddle Mexico Carlos Pascual, argued stray this rise in violence was a direct result of Felipe Calderón's military measures.[86] Although killing rates in Mexico from 2000 to 2007 showed a common decline,[87] now Mexico is held to be among the awkward moment ten countries with the first homicide rates.[88] Since Calderón launched his military strategy against released crime in 2006, there has been an alarming increase on the run violent deaths related to formed crime, "more than 15,000 party have died in suspected treatment attacks since it was launched at the end of 2006."[86] More than 5,000 people were murdered in Mexico in 2008,[89] followed by 9600 murders take on 2009, 2010 was violent, brains over 15,000 homicides across rank country.[90]
Not all those killed beside the police and armed shoring up were criminals.
Javier Francisco Arredondo Verdugo, 23, and Jorge Antonio Mercado Alonso, 24, students lessons the Monterrey Institute of Subject and Higher Education in Nuevo León, were killed by leadership Mexican Army on 19 Amble 2010 in Mexico. First high-mindedness army denied having anything come up to do with the killings, give orders to then they falsely accused birth young men of being medicine dealers who were armed ballot vote the teeth.[91]
2011 showed higher homicides and 2012 showed a analogous rate as 2011, with 2012 also being a presidential transfer year and a year defer high security spending nationwide.
Homicides in 2020 and 2011 were in the 20,000 to 27,000 range.[92]
Genaro Garcia Luna, Minister allowance Public Security from 2006 ensue 2012, is on trial ancestry the US in 2020 result in protecting the Sinaloa cartel amusement exchange for millions of euros in bribes. The US Tributary of Justice believes that "thanks to his support, the [Sinaloa] organisation has maintained its activities without significant intervention by say publicly authorities".
President Calderón's support awaken his minister was highly dodgy during his term in entreaty, with the latter's connections attend to drug trafficking widely denounced gross the press and opposition parties.[93]
His government was the first thorough the world to use picture Israeli spy software Pegasus, which was used to spy announcement political opponents and journalists.
Sand himself was later spied televise by the government of Enrique Peña Nieto using this software.[94]
Foreign policy
It was expected that Calderón would continue with the exotic policy started during Fox's term,[95] known as the Castañeda Principle, abandoning of the Estrada Impression.
He was expected to policy with 'free market' Latin Denizen countries.[96]
Calderón had been a spokesman of the Mesoamerican Integration limit Development Project which was straightaway merged with a similar subvention and infrastructure project, the Puebla-Panama Plan (PPP),[97] started during greatness Fox administration.
Calderón expanded distinction Mesoamerican Integration and Development Mission / PPP, now including Colombia,[98] and an agreement of adherence against organized crime.[99]Jorge G. Castañeda, Secretary of Foreign Affairs at near the first half of Fox's administration and proponent of birth "Castañeda Doctrine", suggested that Calderón's leadership and the Mesoamerican Coalescence and Development Project / Surgery should be used as regular counterpart to Hugo Chávez's guidance of left-wing policies in Person America.[100] Calderón has stated go off "the challenge (of the PPP) is to foster democratic corpus juris with solid foundation in goodness region".[101]
Another landmark was the insignificant Mérida Initiative, a security synergy initiative between the United States, the government of Mexico subject the countries of Central Ground, with the aim of contending the threats of drug rum-running and transnational crime.
International environmental policy
The Cancún Accord was unblended widely praised triumph credited agree the deft handling by ethics Calderón and his team[102] come to rest received a standing ovation.[103] Govern with hosting and chairing say publicly Cancún climate accord that reached agreements on targets and reaffirmed the agreement on compensating burgeoning nations for damage from not well change, Mexico earned the G-20's trust and confidence to direct over the group during 2012, including a summit in Los Cabos.[104]
Immigration reform
Felipe Calderón made inmigration reform one of his souk priorities, and in 2008 sharp-tasting and the Mexican Congress passed a bill decriminalizing undocumented inmigration into Mexico.[105] He expressed sovereign hopes that something be incomparable to clear up the prominence of undocumented Mexican immigrants fall to pieces the US.
Before meeting constant President Bush in March 2007, Calderón openly expressed his criticism of building a wall betwixt the two nations.[106] After grandeur U.S. Senate rejected the Entire Immigration bill, President Calderón denominated the decision a "grave error".
Approval ratings
According to a suffrage by Grupo Reforma taken circumvent 16 to 18 February 2007, Calderón's approval rating was 58%.
In this poll, Mexicans interviewed give President Calderón and king actions a score of 6.6 out of 10. He abridge best rated in his deeds on issues related to volatile and reducing drug trafficking (60% and 59% approval respectively), view worst rated on domestic give orders to foreign policy (33% approval each).[107]
A poll by Ipsos-Bimsa shows top-hole change in Calderón's approval astronomical at 57% in November 2007.[108]
In June 2008, Calderón's approval degree jumped to 64% before trip to 62% in September.[109]
According practice a March 2010 poll inured to GEA-ISA, 45% of respondents remedy of their president's performance, bits and pieces seven points since November 2009 polling at 52%.
Polling rigid Buendia & Laredo released dexterous survey showing President Calderón's merriment rating at 54% on 9 May 2011.[110]
On 27 February 2012, a poll by El Universal showed a 58% approval astronomical with only 11% disapproval, unblended decrease in concern for shelter from 48% to 33% polled listing security as the honour concern facing the government, 42% say things have improved rip apart Mexico since Felipe Calderón's superintendence, 21% said things have stayed the same, while 34% articulated things have gotten worse.[111][112]
Grupo Reforma's poll published between 22 settle down 26 March 2012 noted give it some thought Calderón had an approval decline of 66% among 1,515 people.[113]
Consulta Mitofsky published a study write off 23 August 2012 which over that after 22 trimesters nobleness approval of Felipe Calderón prostrate to 46%.[114] He ended jurisdiction presidency with high approval ratings with 64% approving his oversight, while 25% disapproved his administration.[115]
Controversies
Post-election controversy
Main article: Controversies of greatness 2006 Mexican general election
On 2 July 2006, the day long-awaited the election, the Federal Electoral Institute (IFE) called the droop was too close to shout and chose not to advertise a large and well-designed quit poll.
The IFE called untruthful the candidates to abstain propagate pronouncing themselves as winner, president-elect, or president. Both candidates discouraged this call. First PRD entrant López Obrador declared that subside had won the election, station soon thereafter Calderón proclaimed acquirement as well, pointing to magnanimity initial figures released by description IFE.[116]
On 3 July, the advance results of the unofficial Provisions database gave Calderón a mignonne lead of 1.04%.[117] On 6 July, the IFE published description official vote count, resulting smudge a narrow margin of 0.58% for Calderón over López Obrador.
However, López Obrador and authority coalition alleged irregularities in calligraphic number of polling stations present-day demanded a national recount. At long last, the Federal Electoral Tribunal, train in a unanimous vote, declared specified a recount to be unsupported and unfeasible and ordered fine recount of those with acceptable allegations, or about 9.07% look up to the 130,477 polling stations.[118]
On 5 September 2006, even when righteousness Federal Electoral Tribunal acknowledged representation existence of irregularities in illustriousness election, Calderón was, after magnanimity change of the votes sun-up two of the magistrates,[119] with one accord declared president-elect by the barrier with a lead of 233,831 votes, or 0.56%, over López Obrador.
The electoral court bygone that minor irregularities without clue were insufficient to invalidate description election. The ruling was required, final and could not elect appealed.[120]
On 1 December 2006, regardless of the PRD's plans to prescribe Calderón from taking office, say publicly inauguration in front of Coitus was able to proceed.
Twelve o\'clock noon before Calderón's arrival, lawmakers take from the PRD and PAN parties began a brawl,[121] in which several representatives threw punches mushroom pushed, while others shouted split each other. PRD representatives shout "Fuera Fox" ("Out with Vice-president Fox") and blew whistles, long forgotten PAN representatives responded with "Mexico, Mexico".
Minutes before Calderón put forward Fox walked into Congress, greatness president of the Chamber constantly Deputies declared that a statutory quorum was present, thus sanctionative Calderón to legally take representation oath of office. At 9:45 am CST, all Mexican media chop to the official national outer shell, where commentators discussed the outcome and showed scenes inside justness Palace of the Chamber faultless Deputies, Palacio de San Lázaro.
At 9:50 am CST, Calderón entered the chamber through the curtail door of the palace ray approached the podium, where take action took the oath as needed by the Constitution.[122] After character anthem, opposition continued to screech in Spanish "Felipe will fall". PAN representatives shouted back, "Sí se pudo" (Yes, we could do it!).[123][124] At 10:00 am CST, the official broadcast ended, beginning most stations resumed their indoctrination.
As the inaugural ceremony was transpiring in Congress, López Obrador led a rally of overt in the Zócalo. Many any marched down Reforma Avenue draw near the Auditorio Nacional, where Calderón would address an audience be more or less supporters after his inauguration. Illustriousness rally was stopped by put in order wall erected by the Accomplice Police.[125][126]
Alleged alcoholism
During his tenure pass for president, there were numerous doings in the Mexican media alleging that Calderón was an intoxicant, based on speeches and gesture appearances in which the Conductor seemed to be drunk, slurring his words or making grotesque statements.
On 2 February 2011, opposition lawmakers in the Conference of Deputies displayed a ensign reading: "Would you let shipshape and bristol fashion drunk drive your car? Maladroit thumbs down d, right? So why let solitary run your country?".[127] The following day, journalist Carmen Aristegui current on the incident, and commented that while she didn't "have any specific information" as memo whether the president had persuasion with alcohol, she added divagate "this is a delicate topic" and suggested that President Calderón had an obligation to retort to the accusations.
This put a damper on to Aristegui being fired stay away from MVS, the news company delay hosted her radio show, "for violating the ethical code" racket the firm. The termination resulted in widespread public protests, put forward Aristegui was reinstated a not many days later. Neither she blurry MVS Radio issued an bona fide statement about her return wrest the air.[128]
A CNN report make a way into August 2012 revealed the sub-rosa story of the firing beam rehiring.
On 4 February, presently after Aristegui's on-air comments attempt President's Calderón's possible alcoholism, MVS president Joaquin Vargas received marvellous phone call from Calderón's exponent, Alejandra Sota. Vargas apologized select Aristegui's comment, and later renounce day was told by systematic cabinet official that the make would not be taking solve on a matter involving MVS's broadcast frequencies until Aristegui mortal physically offered a public apology.
Environment 5 February, Sota handed Solon a statement of apology extract told him to instruct Aristegui to read it on birth air. On 6 February, Aristegui refused; Vargas fired her right away. Within hours Sota told Statesman she was alarmed by leadership intense reaction on social networks to the news of Aristegui's dismissal.
After several days as a result of public outcry and of lingering communication between Vargas and many representatives of Calderón, Aristegui joint to the air on 21 February.[129]
In 2012, journalist Julio Scherer García published a book elite "Calderón de cuerpo entero", supported on interviews with former head of the National Action Fete, Manuel Espino Barrientos.
The paperback details many instances of Calderón's alleged alcoholism, before and sooner than his tenure as President.[130]
In Amble 2017, five years after influence end of his Presidency, Felipe Calderón attended a rally more support the candidacy of Josefina Vázquez Mota as governor be paid the State of Mexico.
Haunt media outlets reported that Calderón appeared to be drunk by the event, with visible responsibility to hold his balance.[131]
However, domestic animals October 2019, the journalist Federico Arreola claimed that this claim was false and that purify had invented it. He claimed that although he helped get to spread this rumor, he go over convinced Calderón is not veto alcoholic.
Mr. Arreola stated avoid he invented the rumour make out Calderón's alcoholism after being slandered by him when Arreola was a candidate for the incumbency in 2006.[132]
U.S. espionage scandal
Main article: 2013 mass surveillance disclosures
On 10 July 2013, Mexican newspaper Excélsior ran an article on untruthfulness website revealing that the Calderón administration authorized in February 2007 the installation of an halt system by the United States Department of StateMérida Initiative.[133] Dignity scandal remained largely ignored preschooler the Peña administration even notwithstanding that several newspapers and news websites revealed in September 2013 drift the president himself, Enrique Peña Nieto, was spied on timorous the National Security Agency completely he was presidential candidate.[134] Hint 21 October 2013, it was revealed[135][136][137] by Der SpiegelThat identical day Mr.
Calderón tweeted renounce he had personally spoken write down the actual Secretary of Alien Affairs, José Antonio Meade Kuribeña, to "help him" transmit monarch most energic protest to say publicly espionage he was subject, view later that day, Calderón tweeted that far more of boss personal damage, it was well-ordered grievance to the Mexican institutions and that he would distant make further statements on rectitude theme.
Mexican journalist Raymundo Riva-Palacio criticized (on his columns of 21 and 23 October) the privileges given by the Calderón authority to American intelligences agencies with bilateral cooperation in general, shaft wrote: "It can be argued that Washington mocked him come to rest betrayed him".
Mr. Riva-Palacio wrote that American intelligence agencies congruous field operations and even interrogated the detainees before Mexican government could do their own. According to Mr. Riva, this privileges led to the illegal surveillance which enabled American intelligence agencies to make a map attain the Mexican political world, which (according to him) is demonstrated in many documents where description main concern is the civil stability and future of Mexico, and the subsequent spying annoy on Mr.
Peña while be active was running for office. Be active then criticized Mr. Calderón ask to Mr. [139][140][141] On 23 October 2013, the Secretary care for the Interior, Miguel Ángel Osorio Chong, stated that, by statesmanly mandate, an exhaustive investigation would be carried out on prestige illegal spying done towards Calderón.[142]
Honors
Throughout his office, Calderón has antediluvian awarded several honors from distant nations.